Cognition, Memory and Perception Essay

Forgetting is the inability of a person to re mete out, rec every or accept development that was stored or still stored in long term retrospection. (McLeod, S. A. 2008). In terms of short term memory, forgetting is ca characterd by interference among kayoedgoing and unseas wholenessd information that most modern accounts that holding on to. In some older models, forgetting is explained using a butt on of passive decline of information. Comparing both accounts, interference seems to deliver a better exposition of forgetting.Secondly in terms of long term memory, forgetting blow overs when virtuoso fails to esteem and un suitable to reactivated the memory circuit of given information. In general, forgetting seems to happen in between short term and long term memory. It pass on occur when information is to be encoded or information is non linked to any memory circuit through interference. (What is forgetting in psychology? , 2008). However, nowadays, there argon theorie s of forgetting in cognitive psychology that atomic number 18 still difficult to footrace by researches, because unrivalled may in fact not forget, exactly imbibe trouble retrieving information from virtuosos memory storage.For examples, one forgets about an level(p)t such as attending a aces birthday party just because the individual were only recollect another event that is more important to him such as a wedding dinner. The examples of the theories of forgetting atomic number 18 encoding failure, decay guess, interference theory, convalescence failure, prompt forgetting and chokeion. The author of this paper leave behind going to critically asses on the psychological theories on why pack forget. According to Freud (1901), the father of the psychoanalytic school, believed that one will forget of what threatens them.For example, puzzles that express in abusing, horrifying, hurtful, tense and ego-dissatisfying will pushed back down to the unconscious. Based on th e opinion of writer on this paper, it is not needfully that one just forgets about what threatens them but in addition forgets the information that does not seem important to them. This scenario is similar to the theory of encoding failure whereas the specific information in short term memory that did not semen through to encode in the long term memory and the information did not enter to the memory. Besides that, encoding failure also canful be result of stress.Based on Yerkes-Dodson Law, too much stress results can cause performance to decline, sometimes sharply if cognitive or sickish breakdown is triggered. A downturn can also be caused by excessive attention to a task such that extra factors that are important get missed. Secondly, the decay theory, this theory suggests that memory traces in the mavin will turn over over time through lack of use and become inaccessible. Decay theory suggest that forgetting is a psychological process and it is an idea that when a memory has a physical or chemical trace of the experience in the brain when it is laid down.This traces will fade as time passes unless it is reinforced through repeated times of use. For example, when a person outfits a new familiarity, the name of the friend is just manage a trace to the brain. But when the person did not manage to meet up with that new friend for a hardly a(prenominal) days, the name of the friend will slowly decay and might not recall it later. However, researchers have not shown that decay theory causes forgetting of something that is stored in the long term memory.In addition, based on the authors opinion, memory such as driving skills, riding bicycle skills and swimming skills would not decay even though after a period of time, not every memory trace will fade over time. Some studies of the hippocampus have shown a pattern of rapid and then gradual decline of indifferent(p) pathways by Anderson (1995).Besides that, there are two types of the interference theo ry that is, proactive interference and retro interference. The definition of the proactive interference is when old information interferes with the new information that cause forgetting.Example of proactive interference theory is when a person who learned many formulas in additional math for a year and learned new sets of formulas for modern mathematics for a month and the person will interfere with the knowledge of additional mathematics while doing modern mathematics. On the other hand, retroactive interference occurs when new information learned interfere with the old information that stored in the memory. store the names of the new students by a lecturer is an example of retroactive interference where the new students name will nterfere with the names that were previously stored. However, researches pointed out that real life interference might not occur so readily. The retrieval failure theory was proposed by (Tulving & Thomson 1973). This theory is cognise as a cue depen dent forgetting that explains forgetting as inability to recall material due to an absence of the right cues. In order that one person to retrieve information from the long-run memory, they must depend on the type of cue or prompt which they use and this theory explained that why sometimes that one who unable to remember the material that is certain in our memory.For example, a person cannot remember doing his homework until him or her saw the workbook on the table. This proves that the workbook provide the right retrieval cue. According to Freud (1901), the retrieval of the subdue memories is manageable only under special circumstances using a few psychoanalytic techniques. On the other hand, there is a tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (TOT) that could help one to retrieve forgotten memories. TOT is an example of how we intentionally search for cues that will prompt the retrieval of a specific memory.For example, a person that forgets their inhabit pets name and only remembers the dumbbell which hangs around the roll in the hay of the pet. By reading the word dumbbell, TOT assists the person to recall that the neighbor pets name was Dumble. Furthermore, the motivated forgetting is a case of retrieval failure referred to Freud, (1901). What it actually meant by motivated forgetting? According to Freud (1901), motivated forgetting is that we are motivated to forget the events or actions that is painful that cannot be solve in the memory by pushing it into the subconscious and actively repressing with it.In other words, these experiences are repressed in the unconscious and unable to retrieve when needed. Besides motivated forgetting causes oneself repression of memory, it is possible that one forgets is based on book of instructions of others and also known as the intentional forgetting or directed forgetting. Anderson, Baddeley and Eysenck (2009) verbalise that intentional forgetting also refers to forgetting which is initiated by a conscious goal to forge t. McNally, Clancy, and Schacter (2001) also stated that loss of autobiographical memories, especially memories for unpleasant or impress events has used to explain the intentional forgetting.However, based on the authors opinion, motivate forgetting on the memories of pain, unpleasant, and disturbing events are unhealthy to ones body, physically and mentally. What if the capacity of the subconscious has a limit and it cannot continue to repress any more of the memory of negative events, it will causes an unwanted squelch and stress on the individual emotionally and lead to suicide if it reaches the limit. conk out but not least, theory of repression, proposed by the psychologist Sigmund Freud.Freud (1901) stated that the unpleasant memories such as sexual abuse, bullying, torture or any traumatic experience which undergoes the psychological process which automatically and unconsciously prevents emotionally distressing memories from coming into our conscious awareness. In the ev ent or experience in the birth such as watching a video, hypnosis or hearing melody may triggered the repressed memories back into conscious awareness. However, he stated that, repressed memories cannot deliberately bring back unless it was triggered.The memory researches pointed out that the retrieval memories come back into awareness through suggestion by the patients therapist in fact are false memories. In the nutshell, all the theories above that have discussed which are the encoding failure, decay theory, interference theory, retrieval failure, motivated forgetting and repression. Overview of this research, readers can determine that every theories of forgetting have relation between one another and it is all related to the short-term memory and long-term memory. If the short-term memory does not exist, there is no long-term memory.In the authors point of view, some of the theories that have discussed above are too narrow in scope and did not manage to cover all the factors such as emotion of a person that will lead to forgetting. In the authors opinion, every psychologist that is doing on the selfsame(prenominal) research should investigate and plan the experiments together so that all the psychologists able to brainstorm on their findings and share their thoughts together in order to alter their theories. Besides that, I believe that, all the human being does not want to repress all those negatives events that had ever happened in their lives into their subconscious mind.This is because after repressing or suppressing those memories into the subconscious mind, it would not provide safety precautions in terms of physically and mentally to everyone. What if one day, one person those who fetch from sexual abuse and torture since childhood and triggered that memory back and do the same thing to others. This will lead to even more people suffers.