CASE STUDY ON FINANCIAL ENGINEERING THE ENRON FRAUD

At one clip Enron was one of the universe s largest manufacturers of ingrained gas, oil, and electrical aught. A It besides appe ard to be one of the most profitable companies, taking farm animal swayers from $ 19.10 in 1999 to $ 90.80 by the terminal of 2000. A Enron s top cargon answered to a jury of Directors whose duty was to inquiry and dispute newborn partnerships, ventures, and determinations within the comp some(prenominal). A On some(prenominal) occasions, Andrew Fastow, the company s Chief mo moolahary Officer approached the board of managers with new investing partnerships which the board approved with really small oppugning. A Some of these partnerships created a struggle of involvement due to the fact that Fastow was non merely pull dispatch the partnerships, only when he was besides an investor in an outside entity that took portion in purchasing and selling assets with Enron. A Fastow was able to make and pull off several of these partnerships while still ke eping his function as CFO of Enron. A This was due to the regulation set in topographic point by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ) which states, if an outside investor puts in 3 per centum or more of the capital in a partnership, the corporation, even if it provides the otherwise 97 per centum, does non hold to accommodate the partnership as a subordinate. A Therefore, assets and debt in the partnership fucking be withheld from the corporation s balance wheel sheet. A With this regulation and the many partnerships Fastow created, Enron did non hold to declare the assets and debts from these partnerships, hence concealing 100s of 1000000s of dollars in losingss and debt. A The board of managers nevertheless did non see Fastow s interaction with the partnerships to be a serious job due to the fact that the financial addition potency to Enron was great. A In fact Enron had a 65 page codification of moralss that was given to all employees. Enron was a nestling of the deregulated competency markets in the late eightiess. Before so, most public-service corporations were publically provided, and Enron realized it could turn a net income by selling and merchandising these public-service corporations. Sometime virtually 2000, Enron began merchandising through and through the cyberspace, a revolution in the industry. The job was that this connive required a perpetually high portion monetary value. Thus, Enron s scheme shifted from energy trading to portion monetary value as the company s primary focal point. Most experts believe that it was around this clip that Enron began utilizing financial technology to maintain its portion monetary values high and keep a high net income on the books.To make this, Enron in kernel leveraged itself through debt, which it use to turn its non-core sweeping energy operations and service concern by maintaining most of this debt from looking on the balance sheets with luxuriant fiscal technology. When the stock monetary value began to fall, though, these same off balance sheet entities ended up downgrading Enron s recognition evaluation. Suddenly, Enron was in over its caput it could non take on silver due to its low recognition evaluation, nor could it utilize its ain money to transact concern, because it did non really wipe out any. In fact, Enron had kept much(prenominal) a monumental tote up of debt off the books plenty to restrain every plus Enron claimed and so some that the company merely imploded under its ain weight.Enron The Nigerian Barge DealEnron Corporation was an energy company based in Texas and created when InterNorthacquired Houston Natural Gas Company in 1985. Enron s growing was fast, it was namedAmerica s Most Advanced Company for half dozen back-to-back old ages and it shortly became the7th largest company in the unite States, until its bankruptcy was declared in 2001.Accounting fraud, money laundering and confederacy are some of the charges which Enronsto od accused of in a series of dirts that eventually came to a caput in the largest bankruptcyin history. One of these dirts was named the Nigerian Barges font ( Fleischer1, 2005 ) . Enron act to sell an involvement in three forcefulness-generating flatboats in the seashore of Nigeria unsuccessfully. When Enron failed to sell it by December of 1999, Merrill lynch, one of the universe s taking fiscal direction and consultative companies, agreed to purchase that involvement. That dealing was closed at the terminal of December 1999, and hence Enron could book about 12 million dollars in net incomes that twelvemonth and meet gaining marks. But the dealing was a fraud ( Kirkendall, 2005 ) . The chief job with this parcel out was that Merrill lynch acted merely as a temporal emptor to assist Enron look more profitable than it truly was. Enron s Chief Financial Officer Andrew Fastow promised verbally to Merrill Lynch that Enron would purchase back the flatboats at a determined net i ncome within six months, or Enron would authorise a 3rd company to make so. This fact turned the dealing to be a simple loan, and non a true sale, as Enron claimed. Enron s nonsubjective with this dealing was non other than doing its fiscal statements look better so that it could better the income statement and so, for case, borrow money from Bankss and the populace at a lower involvement rate, or merely pay the executives in Enron indefensible fillips. The thought, announced in 1999, was that Enron would construct gas-fired top executive workss near Lagos. Estimated costs put the lying-in at about $ 500 million. Before the chief works was built, Enron would get down providing power from three 30-megawatt barge-mounted workss departure either oil or gas, harmonizing to a 1999 article in Global Power Report, mentioning an Enron spokesman. The flatboats were to get down operation every bit early as the autumn of 1999, though programs had non been finalized. The initial study was t hat Enron would get down building, likely in the first half of 2000, and finish the undertaking in 22 months.For Nigerians, the undertaking was of import because, though Africa s largest state is ample in energy resources, it faced relentless power crises and blackouts. By September, the cost estimation for the new power composite was up to $ 800 million. Enron was committed to financing it and to put ining an associated 175 mile-long, 24-inch diameter, offshore natural gas grapevine to provide the works. By February 2000, seemingly sooner any building, the trade was already confronting political jobs, harmonizing to Global Power Report. The contracts were called into inquiry by the World Bank, Nigeria s national public-service corporation, the National Electric Power Authority and other Nigerian provinces. The World Bank reportedly said the trade should hold been competitively command and that the concluding contract was excessively favourable to Enron.Even before anything happen ed in the elbow room of providing energy, Enron was selling pieces of its trade to Merrill Lynch. That dealing and Merrill s speedy sale of its involvement back to an Enron-related entity is at the bosom of the condemnable allegations. Industry free besides caused new jobs for Enron which, for the first clip, needed to hold a strong competitory focal point. Enron knew that it could win in a deregulated environment merely if it were the terminal cost manufacturer or if it could separate its merchandise from the competition. The latter would look to be a frustrating end, when the merchandise is defined as a trade slap-up like natural gas. Enron s direction was fighting with how to explicate a scheme that would give clients what they wanted and develop a sustainable reinforcement in this new environment. They needed to happen a manner to box natural gas molecules, dependable bringing, and predictable monetary values such that it could delimitate a clear merchandise line and pa ss on the company s alone accomplishments.Ques1 What are the ethical issues involved in this suit?Ques 2. What are the exposure profile for Enron s clients with regard to natural gas monetary values?What are the exposure profiles for Enron?Ques 3. What suggestions do you hold for Enron?Summary OF THE compositors caseThe Financial Engineering encompasses the design, analysis, and building of fiscal contracts to run into the demands of endeavors. Thus we can state that Financial technology is the phenomenon which facilitates the process/ merchandise invention in the fiscal industries which will assist in heightening the stockholders wealth. The basic motivations in traveling for fiscal technology are as followsReducing liability on the balance sheet, orReducing disbursal on income statement, orIncreasing gross on income statement, orIncreasing tax write-offs on revenue enhancement returnsCompanies ordinarily go for fiscal technology to cut down their hazard liability and accretio n of debt in the balance sheet.The range of fiscal technology includes the followers commit BankingCorporate Strategic PlanningHazard ManagementPrimary and Derivatives Securities EvaluationFiscal Information Systems ManagementPortfolio ManagementSecurity TradingThe instance that we have chosen here will be explained from one facet out of the many countries covered under the range of fiscal technology that is Corporate strategical Planning . This construct shall be explained in the context of Enrona.which has been regarded as the biggest fraud in history. Under Corporate Strategic Planning Scope the company has used Financial Engineering to be-fool the the stakeholder of the company. In corporate strategic be aftering one really of import determination includes Strategic ALLIANCE which the companies follow for carry throughing their strategic every bit good as fiscal motivations. Enron has excessively did the same thing.Enron was created by a merge between Houston Natural Gas an d Inter north. Houston s Natural Gas s CEO Kenneth Lay headed the amalgamation of the two companies. Kenneth Lay became the CEO of Enron. Enron was originally entirely involved with the distribution and transmittal of electricity and gas in the United States. In the amalgamation, Enron incurred a big sum of debt, and as a consequence of deregulating, no longer had sole rights to its grapevines. The company had to happen a manner to bring forth net incomes and hard currency flow. Kenneth Lay hired Jeffrey Skilling to work for Enron as an comptroller. Skilling suggested the pattern of purchasing gas from a web of providers and selling it to consumers at a fixed monetary value with a contract. Enron was interested in the enlargement, edifice, and operation of grapevines, power workss, and other substructure worldwide. after(prenominal) merely a twelvemonth of operation Enron merged with a company called Spectrum Seven, a company whose president and CEO is the former president of the U nited States, George W. Bush. In 1999, Enron tried to spread out their company by making the Azurix Corporation, a H2O public-service corporation company. Enron was named America s Most Advanced Company by Fortune magazine from 1996 to 2001. Enron was on Fortune s 100 Best Companies to work for In America in 2000. The company s hereafter appeared to be bright and assuring continued success.One of the really of import issue which led to the ruin of Enron was Nigerian Barge trade which was chiefly done to reproach the Govt and the stakeholders. Enron had promoted that it is come ining into a trade with the Nigerian Barge Fieldss of supplying energy human dynamos at that place. . For Nigerians, the undertaking was of import because, though Africa s largest state is rich in energy resources, it faced relentless power crises and blackouts. The trade was a strategy to park Enron s assets to bolster its net incomes and that no hazard was transferred to Merill Lynch in the trade beca use of an unwritten handshake side trade by Enron to buy back the flatboats back from Merill or happen another suited purchaser. It was a fake that allowed Enron to illicitly book about $ 12 million in pretax net income, when in fact there was no existent sale and no existent net incomes. The function of Merill Lynch in this whole thing has been questionable since they have deviated from their basic responsibility and helped them in indulging into deceitful activities. Alongwith this instance and many others Enron had to atlast file for bankruptcy and it has been a affair of great concern for the US Govt. since one of its major investing bankers were involved in the instance.QuestionQues1 What are the ethical issues involved in this instance?Autonomic nervous system Enron showed a dainty image in forepart of the Nigerian Govt. Nigeria had abundant resources but lacked in expertness to use them expeditiously. Enron promised them to supply them expertise but it was merely a manner to park their assets. They wanted to conceal their earlier frauds and unethical manner of net incomes ( black money ) . The most unethical portion was that they were playing with their codification of behavior and puting a bad illustration for the remainder of the corporate. Butone of the board members of Merrill Lynch blew the whistling and the aureate image of Enron was tarnished.Ques 2. What are the exposure profile for Enron s clients with regard to natural gas monetary values?Ans. It has been identified that Enron s jobs were non in its energy operations, but from dot com investings and in some foreign subordinates. Enron was originally entirely involved with the distribution and transmittal of electricity and gas in the United States. But after the amalgamation and the deregulating in the US, people could now entree gas at subsidised rate. This reduced its monopoly over the distribution of natural gas. But it had a strong political backup. The company s connexion to George W. Bush, and Houston s local political relations has received much attending in the recent yesteryear. In 1986, Enron was involved with Bush s company in joint boring for oil. It has been said that George Bush and Kenneth Lay even shared good friendly relationship dealingss. That is why the company ever enjoyed some kind of shelter even after making unethical patterns. The clients did non hold any filling except for buying at the monetary values offered by Enron.Ques 3. What suggestions do you hold for Enron?Ans. The lone suggestion that we have for Enron is that it should accept its error and apologise for its fraud. This can be one manner of recovering its image. Another option would be to counterbalance the Nigerian Barge Govt. so that it may experience that Enron is truly atoning on its error of working the abundant resources of Nigeria which remained unutilized.SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE CASEStrengthStrong political backup ( Bush & A Houston Govt. )Good repute with fiscal establis hments ( Merrill Lynch )FailingCertitude and extra dependance on its dependable resourcesLack of support from top direction executives in strategic planning determinations ( window dressing of the histories at in-between degree )OpportunityRecover their lost energy because of clients assurance in themPromoting themselves in such a manner that the trade was fundamentally done to supply the client services at lower rank and non to conceal any corporate dirt.MenaceIt becomes hard to recover the lost image even if the company goes for n no of CSR as the expression goes 1 dissatified client will state 30000 people whereas 1 satisfied client will state merely 3 . So the company functionaries can good regard of in what quantum their image or trade name equity has tarnished.CRITICAL APPRAISALThis is non the first cozenage or fraud for which Enron has been alleged. Previously it had been into spotlight when it created a bogus SPV ( particular PURPOSE VEHICLE ) to pull strings their hi stories. They have created a false SPV ( Particular Purpose Vehicle ) to reassign all their losingss to that entity. It was fundamentally done to swop over their ruddy balance sheet into a rose-colored one. Strong political backup and everlasting support from the taking fiscal establishments urged Enron to go on these frauds since they believed that Govt will come to its deliverance in instance it faces any job. Enron had non merely misused the options available through fiscal technology for their ain motivations but in a manner destroyed the state s image besides because they were stand foring US Corporate civilization in Nigeria. So the state s unity besides was at interest. The approaching companies can larn a lesson in two ways 1. They may be encouraged to make such kind of frauds since Govt come for deliverance ( negative motive ) 2. It may put an illustration for them non to reiterate such an act in future. ( positive motive ) . In Indian context it is really of import to la rn a lesson because we have been top ranked in Corporate cozenage this twelvemonth.