Good Things About Designed by Groupism Case Study

Good Things About Designed by Groupism - Case Study Example Despite the negative experiences, I believe there are good things about designing by groupism. Sometimes, each person able to do what he does best. Everyone feels a part of project. The results of project were much better. There are good things about designing by groupism like each person able to do what he does best. Some students better with writing. Others better with speaking. Some better with doing. I was better with doing. So I did the code. Mary was better with writing. She kept notes and wrote the paper. Casey was best with speaking. He presented our project to the class. Sometimes, each person is able to do what he does best in groupism design. This is what happened in our group. We worked well together. It helped to have a good manager in the group. Other good things about designing by groupism are each person feels part of project. We each made suggestion about website. Some we used. Some we did not, but everyone made points that were used. Mary and I helped with layout. Mary and Casey did content. We all worked on code together. Each felt a part of project design by groupism. Casey really helped it all go smooth. At the end of the project, we all felt happy about how everything happened. The website was great. We were very proud of our work. The best thing about designing by groupism is the results of project were much better.

Leadership and Management Paper Essay Example for Free

Leadership and Management Paper Essay At a very young age, George Washington Carver took a strong grip on his destiny. This dynamic leader prevailed over getting born without a name into slavery, overcoming poverty, and prejudice to commit his life in helping others achieve a better livelihood. Through his actions, he was able to earn high levels of respect of self-worth, dignity, honor, and infinite achievement. Booker T. Washington was the first president and principal of the Tuskegee Institute in 1896. Booker T. Washington sent an invitation to George W. Carver to reside over the Agriculture Department. For 47 years Carver developed, taught, and applied constant research in working to develop several methods from using crop-based materials. Carver was the innovator of going green. Through his tenure he worked with two additional college presidents that supported the zealous work of Carver. His discovering and teaching methods of crop rotation while introducing several alternative money crops for farmers that simultaneously improving the soil of heavily cultivated cotton fields would motivate and inspire many Black students to follow suite in his techniques. (Kouzes Posner, 2009) â€Å"A leader’s dynamic does not come from special powers. It comes from a strong belief in a purpose and a willingness to express that conviction.† In leadership, Carver designed a mobile classroom that brought education to the fields of the farmers. His so-called ‘Jesup wagon’ (named after Morris Ketchum Jesup), well honored for Mr. Jesup a philanthropist and New York financier fully supported and funded the program. Leadership functions Carver had many duties as an administrator, such as administer the Agriculture Experiment Station Farms. He manages the sale and production of farm products that generated revenues for the institute. His academic career as a teacher and researcher was stellar. What made Carver different from other professors and administrators is his determination to fulfill what he believed to be right. There were many times Booker T. Washington would voice his frustrations through letters to Carver because to the way he would administer his duties, Washington would always praise Carver for the great discoveries and hard work that has taken place. (G.W. Carver, 2011) Education is the key to unlock the golden door of opportunity.† This is how his leadership is different from the rest. He proves exactly what he stated to his life. His work became very high profile because of his more than 300 uses for peanuts, pecans, sweet potatoes and soybeans with the majority of his accomplishments of conquering the mundane. Every invention came after hours during peaceful nature walks, observing, and later testing in his laboratory. After Carver came to success, he did not cite ingenuity, though he was very blessed with it. On the contrary, he remarked that 99% of the failures come about people who have the habit of making excuses. Carver also well notes that, â€Å"When you do the common things in life in an uncommon way, you will command the attention of the world† pg. 143 of Frontage Magazine. Obstacles George W. Carver is someone whom many can only look up too when problems come into our lives for comparison sake. Carver beats the odds so well that his name should never had been heard of. His mission, determination, and story defy the odds. Being born into slavery a raider kidnapped him as an infant, and was not expected to live past the age of 21 because of poor health and being a Black scientist in the harsh times of racial segregation is beyond the norm. After the death of Carver, the United States Government erected the first national monument to honor someone other that a president. Effective Leader – Common Measures George W. Carver was best known in his time as a man of faith who believes in God as science as a gift from God. He would constantly acknowledge that his work was inspired by the works of God and God’s inspiring, and guiding him in his work. When those who wanted things from Carver such as his  secrets without the desire to work for the knowledge, Carvers replay would be, ‘God refuses to reveal the secrets of the humankind and the universe. Within the readings and teachings of the text, Carver proves his effective leadership skills for success present. To be a leader whom everyone will want to immolate, it takes the extraordinary levels of strong will, determination, someone who can listen and follow, and the ability effectively to move those whom you lead in a positive direction fostering a successful outcome. Conclusion Carver’s faith was his concern of character that his students whom he regularly taught would follow a set of cardinal virtues: ââ€"  Do not look up the rich nor down to the poor ââ€"  Be clean both inside and out ââ€"  Win without bragging ââ€"  Lose if needed but without squealing ââ€"  Be too brave to lie ââ€"  Always be considerate of women, children, and other people ââ€"  Be too generous to cheat ââ€"  Take your share of the world and let others take theirs. The world needs more women and men like George Washington Carver – people who cannot complain, strive hard and overcome adversity while focusing on the finish line ahead. Everyone does not possess the skill and knowledge of George Washington Carver but he has left us a milestone of character traits that can allow us to use as a guide while striving to achieve our goals here in this life. I like what Langston Hughes states on page 159 of Through the Fire, â€Å"Hold fast to dreams, for it dreams die, life is a broken-winged bird that cannot fly.† This goes back to how George Washington Carver spoke about excuses; they are just that, an excuse to fail. Live right, stay positive, follow the plan, persevere, and finish the race, you will for sure win. References Carver, G. W. (2011). Greatest Leaders of America History. Frontage Magazine, 32(4), 112 113. p.113 Kauzes, J., Posner, B. (2009, April). See what today will bring when you are done thinking. Whole and Complete Places, 8(13), 78 -84. p.83 Livingstrom, J. T. (1974). Through the Fire (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Harper Collins. p.154

Definition Essay - The True Meaning of Hegemony -- Expository Definiti

Hegemony - The True Meaning Hegemony was derived from the Greek word "egemonia," meaning leader or ruler, often in the sense of a state other than his own (Williams 144).   Although the base of this definition remains true, the word has evolved to much more.   Hegemony is defined by Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought as "Political and economical control exercised by a dominant class, and its success in projecting its own way of seeing the world, human and social relationships as 'common sense' and part of the natural order by those who are, in fact, subordinated to it."   Hegemony is defined as a predominant influence or leadership of a dominant class or institution over a subordinate class; the question is are the "subordinates" forced to follow the beliefs, or do they agree with them?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Antonio Gramsci, a leading Marxist thinker in the early 20th century, used hegemony to define class structure, (e.g. bourgeois hegemony).   Gramsci's philosophy was that the subordinate class was to follow this "common sense" that the dominant class set, however, Gramsci ... Definition Essay - The True Meaning of Hegemony -- Expository Definiti Hegemony - The True Meaning Hegemony was derived from the Greek word "egemonia," meaning leader or ruler, often in the sense of a state other than his own (Williams 144).   Although the base of this definition remains true, the word has evolved to much more.   Hegemony is defined by Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought as "Political and economical control exercised by a dominant class, and its success in projecting its own way of seeing the world, human and social relationships as 'common sense' and part of the natural order by those who are, in fact, subordinated to it."   Hegemony is defined as a predominant influence or leadership of a dominant class or institution over a subordinate class; the question is are the "subordinates" forced to follow the beliefs, or do they agree with them?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Antonio Gramsci, a leading Marxist thinker in the early 20th century, used hegemony to define class structure, (e.g. bourgeois hegemony).   Gramsci's philosophy was that the subordinate class was to follow this "common sense" that the dominant class set, however, Gramsci ...

Corprate strategy

We will soon enter a phase of strong competition in fixed services and we expect similar benefits to flow as result,† said Mohammad AY Change, Director General of the TRAP. Matthew Reed, an analyst at Informal Telecoms and Media, welcomed the decision. â€Å"It means that we finally have competition in the fixed broadband market in the I-JAW for the first time,† he said.But he believes that prices are unlikely to fall for consumers in the short term. â€Å"l think they will avoid a price war. They will probably try to compete on packages, higher internet speeds at the same price,† he said. â€Å"As a consumer, overall you should have more competition, which means there will be better opportunities available. † Meanwhile, the leaders of both distillates and du welcomed the move. â€Å"Distillates has always believed that competition is a win-win situation for all as it energies operators to excel and stimulates telecommunications advancement in the countryà ¢â‚¬ ¦We are fully prepared for a more competitive landscape in the AJAX,† Eased AY Hamlin, CEO of distillates, said. Ottoman Sultan, CEO of du, added: â€Å"We are equally pleased about the opportunity to provide consumers and businesses across the AAU a choice in their selection of a fixed line services provider. † – Gulf News y Facts Mission Statement: Our guiding mission is to deliver superior quality products and services for our customers and communities through leadership, innovation and partnerships.Our Vision: Our vision is to be the quality leader in everything we do. History: The TLD Group Corp†¦ Is the licensing company for Tim Horton franchises presently operating in Canada and the United States. The Tim Horton chain of restaurants began in 1964. Ron Joyce was originally the franchisee of Store #1, located in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. By 1967, he and Tim Horton became full partners in the many and after Time's tragic death in a car accident in February of 1974, Ron Joyce became the sole owner.Distribution: Five warehouse distribution centers, located in Gullah, Ontario; Calgary, Alberta; Debit (Tour), Nova Scotia; Kingston, Ontario; and Lauderdale (Langley), British Columbia presently service the Tim Horton stores across Canada and the U. S. A fleet of decorated trucks deliver food and supplies from our distribution centers to the stores.

Quest for Manhood Malcolm X Essay

Manhood is when a boy takes the leap from being a child to a true man. People say that leap happens at different times for every boy. People can tell it happens because they stop acting foolishly and deal with matters by themselves. The four stories The Autobiography of Malcolm X, â€Å"The Ethics of Living Jim Crow†, â€Å"The Man Who Killed a Shadow†, and â€Å"Almos’ a Man† all deal with African American boys and them becoming true men. The literature of Richard Wright and Malcolm X illustrate how African American males encountered much difficulty in asserting their manhood while living within the racist society of the 1930’s and 1940’s. Racism denied African American males the opportunity to gain economic power. In â€Å"The Ethics of Living Jim Crow†, the young African American boy gets a job in a factory. He works with white men and wants to learn more. One day he is told that the factory is â€Å"a white man’s work†¦and [he] better watch [him] self! † (241) The white men feel he is threatening their job even though he is just trying to support his family. They threaten him and make him quit his job. Unlike the young boy who already has a job, Malcolm X moves to Boston to search for a new job. During Malcolm X, Malcolm decides his life would be better if he moves in with his sister. He was walking through the city and noticed these people were â€Å"only a big city version of those successful Negro bootblacks and janitors back in Lansing† (42). Janitors and bootblacks were considered successful jobs for African Americans where that job for a white man would be around middle to lower class. Blacks don’t even have a chance at a good job like a lawyer or doctor. â€Å"The Man with a Shadow† is about an African American man growing up in life. He is working as a janitor and his boss has legs spread wide open and her panties showing. He is embarrassed and refuses to clean under her desk. The boss becomes angry and screams, â€Å"‘You’re being paid to clean, You black nigger†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (232). The black man feels real embarrassed and gets yelled at for not cleaning the same area again. He feels as if he is being treated like a slave. Also being called the N word is real offensive for African Americans. He has to quit because he accidentally killed the librarian. Economic power is one step in leading men to manhood, but exercising one’s freedom is also an important step. Racism prevented African American males from exercising their autonomy. In â€Å"The Ethics of Living Jim Crow†, the young African American boy has a job and is making a delivery. He is on his back to the store when â€Å"a police car, swerving toward [him], jammed [him] into the curbing† (244). Blacks in this time period were treated unfairly. He is just trying to do his job and even the cops wouldn’t let blacks exercise their own independence. Whites put fear into blacks in all different kinds of settings during this time period, from work places to social settings. During Malcolm X, Malcolm is in a theatre watching a show. When the show started, Malcolm â€Å"was the only Negro in the theatre†¦[and] felt like crawling under a rug† (33). People go to theatres all the time and shouldn’t be forced to feel uncomfortable while in them. Malcolm wants to watch the show, but since the country was so racist and he was the only black, he felt weird and wanted to leave. Later on in the book, Malcolm is thinking about what he wanted to do for his job. â€Å"Lansing certainly had no negro lawyers or doctors,† something he may have wanted to be (38). He wants to be successful in life, but as he recalls there are zero lawyers or doctors in Lansing. This quote shows that because of race alone, blacks can’t use their autonomy and get a job they aspire to be. Finding their independence was hard enough, but trying to protect each other was even harder. Racism would not allow African American males to defend themselves or others. The young boy in â€Å"The Ethics of a Living Jim Crow† is at a store working when an old woman gets beat. â€Å"They would not beat me if I knew enough to keep my mouth shut† even though they beat that old black lady (243). The white workers beat an old black lady for not paying her bill. He could not defend the old lady because he knew the whites would hurt him if I tried to help her. Later on in the story, a security guard slaps a fellow black female employee on the butt. The African American man feels embarrassed for letting his friend get slapped on the butt. The employee who got slapped says, â€Å"‘Don’t worry, you couldn’t help it†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (246). This quote shows that blacks had no chance to defend others because if they did, the whites would just beat them even more. The girl knows they can’t do anything about it and tells him not to worry. From white security guards to racist groups such as the KKK, whites could do basically whatever they want to do to blacks at this time. At the very beginning of Malcolm X, the KKK is at Malcolm’s house. They were surrounding the house, â€Å"brandishing their shotguns and rifles† (1). The KKK is around the house with weapons wanting Malcolm’s father to leave town. He had no way to defend himself because they had all weapons. Many people and organizations in town, and even the police are corrupt and don’t like the blacks. Part of being a man is defending others and the whites would not let them do this at this time. The four stories show how black males had different obstacles to overcome in gaining their manhood while living in the racist society during the mid 1900’s. The boys in all the stories had problems they encountered on their way to finding their manhood. They couldn’t gain economic power, exercise their autonomy, or defend themselves and others. The 30’s and 40’s were a bad time for African Americans to live in, but as the years have gone on, minorities have gained more rights in America. With the help of groups such as the NAACP, blacks have more rights than ever. Barack Obama, the United States President and Tiger Woods, the world’s most popular athlete are both examples of how far African Americans have come.

operation directions essays

operation directions essays Anne Lamotts book Operating Instructions gives an outlook of a mildly disadvantaged woman. This journal is a chronicle of her son Sam's first year. She is fiercely self-deprived, funny and unafraid to talk about the dark side of parenting an infant: the fear, exhaustion, anger, emotional swings; that 4 a.m. inability to cope with the crying neediness of the baby. She questions her faith, which she cannot justify on a why she was pregnant, but still hopes that God loves and guides her the way a parent loves and guides a child. I am interested in surveying on how many new mothers have near manic-depressive, crazy feelings like the ones this author describes. She alternates hating the baby, wanting to throw him down the stairs, calling him "scum," etc.-with loving the baby so much she swoons, calling him breathtakingly beautiful, and being unable to imagine anything more wonderful ever happening to her. I got uncomfortable reading this book because the emotions were so raw and I could picture the child reading the book later in life and getting his feelings. The breakdown of a relationship, regardless of the reasons behind it, is probably one of the most emotionally draining experiences that we as adults face. This is often more traumatic where children's feelings are also involved. If one day I was going to have a baby, it would defiantly be with the man that I love. Love to me is assurance and dedication. It is extraordinarily wearisome for women to raise children themselves. My mother raised my brother and I herself, and as I got older she told me how big of a sacrifice it is as a single mother. She is a single parent barely able to pay the bills, however she has a tremendous support network of family, friends, in addition to the people of her church, all of who clearly love Sam and love her. The author's best friend Pammy is diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer. Where she, discovers the depth and inflection of love...

Dropping the Atomic Bomb essays

Dropping the Atomic Bomb essays On the early morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese without any formal warning attacked Pearl Harbor. It was an American port in the Pacific, which sheltered most of Americas pacific naval power. The Japanese had an idea that a war could be won by attacking the enemy before actually declaring war. Many unsuspecting military personnel and their families were killed on that morning. The name Pearl Harbor is a name for Japanese quilt and shame (Hiroshima 1945 3). To redeem itself on August 6, 1945 at 8:15 AM, America dropped a bomb called Little Boy weighing more than four metric tons (Engelhardt 76) on Hiroshima, Japan, causing mass destruction. The names Hiroshima and Nagasaki are names for American guilt and shame (Hiroshima 1945 3), but for good reasons. The Japanese were being repaid many fold for attacking without warning at Pearl Harbor...[for starving]...[beating] and [executing] American prisoner of war Truman said (Hiroshima: Harry Truman). People often look to the ashes of Hiroshima and Nagaskai (Engelhardt 75) to find the answer to why the bomb was dropped, but the real answers lay in thousands of graves from Pearl Harbor to Normandy and back again (Engelhardt 76). President Truman was given no other option but to drop the atomic bomb because funds had to be justified, the Japanese were becoming ruthless, and it ended the war quickly. A large amount of money and energy went into the manufacturing of the atomic bomb or A-bomb. The A-bomb was the very latest development in the long history of destructive technology. It took the construction of a virtual city in an American desert, two billion dollars of government funds, years of intense work by an army of scientists and technicians to create, produce, and deliver this tremendous explosive device (Enge...

French Expressions Using Monter

French Expressions Using Monter The French verb monter literally means to go up and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to be promoted, rise gently, turn up the volume, and more with this list of expressions with monter. Possible Meanings of Monter to go upto assembleto climb up/intoto editto mountto organize, set upto put upto riseto stageto take upto turn upto well up Expressions with Monter monter to go up to visit / work in (a city)monter bicycletteto cycle up; to ride a bikemonter bord (dun navire)to go on board a shipmonter chevalto get on a horse; to ride a horsemonter / jusquto come up tomonter /dans sa chambreto go up to ones roommonter là ©tageto go upstairsmonter piedto walk upmonter aux arbresto climb treesmonter dans lestime de quelquunto rise in someones estimationmonter dans un avionto board a planemonter dans un trainto board a trainmonter des maillesto cast on stitchesmonter en courantto run upmonter en flà ¨cheto soar (literally and figuratively)monter en gradeto be promotedmonter en lacetsto wind upwardsmonter en parallà ¨leto connect in parallelmonter en pente douceto rise gentlymonter en sà ©rieto connect in seriesmonter en titubantto stagger upmonter en trainto go up by trainmonter en voitureto drive up; to get into a carmonter le bourrichon quelquun (informal)to put ideas in someones headmonter le coup quelquun (fam)to take someone for a ridemonter lescalierto go up the stairsmonter la gamme (music)to go up the scalemonter la gardeto go/be on guardmonter le sonto turn the volume upmonter la tà ªte quelquunto get someone worked upmonter par lascenseurto take the elevator upmonter prà ©venir quelquunto go up and tell someonemonter quelque chose en à ©pingleto blow something all out of proportionmonter quelquun contre quelquunto set someone against someonemonter voir quelquunto go up and see someonemonter surto climb up onmonter sur le trà ´neto ascend to the thronemonter sur un arbreto climb a treemonter sur une bicycletteto get on a bicyclemonter sur une collineto climb a hillmonter sur une à ©chelleto climb a laddermonter un chevalto ride a horsemonter une cà ´teto go up a hillmonter un coupto plan a jobmonter une histoire pour dà ©shonorer quelquunto invent a scandal to ruin someones nameÇa fait monter les prix. It makes prices go up.Cest lartiste qui monte.Hes an up-and-coming artist.Cest lhomme qui monte.Hes on the way up (to fame).Cest une histoire montà ©e de toutes pià ¨ces.Its a complete fabrication.à ªtre montà © contreto be dead set againstfaire monter des blancs en neigeto beat egg whites into stiff peaksfaire monter quelquunto tell someone (e.g., a guest) to come upfaire monter ses valisesto have ones luggage taken upJe monte la garde (sign)Beware of dogLa moutarde me monte au nez.Im losing my temper.se monterto come to, amount tose monter le bourrichon (informal)to get all worked upse monter la tà ªte (pour un rien)to get all worked up (over nothing)Monter conjugations

Assignment (primary research required) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Assignment (primary research required) - Essay Example The current paper, therefore, aims to look into the working environment of ADM Building and Property Services, a small-sized business in London, and identify their business behaviours and practises in relation to small business management. Primary Research: Interviews with ADM Building and Property Services Employees The following interviews were conducted among 5 employees, 4 managers, and the owner himself, and aimed to determine how business management has been integrated into their overall system, particularly their actual practises and attitudes. Opportunities and Challenges Presented by Small Business Management The first two questions were, however, focused on both the opportunities and challenges that are brought about by being in a small business. According to their responses: â€Å"Small businesses can be established at a low cost and even on a part-time basis. Because these businesses that are smaller in size, such as ours, have begun to adopt Internet marketing and have taken full advantage of the benefits that this offers, we have been to respond to specialized niches. Thus, we have been able to take action for what the marketplace demands of us†. â€Å"We have established strong relationships with our clients and customers; we have also been capable of identifying their needs and preferences so we can provide more individualized services. Due to such, we have attained a significant increase in development and accountability as well†. â€Å"Independence is a very important factor to consider when establishing a small business; this comes with the freedom to make our own decisions, take our own risks, and obtain the rewards for our efforts. There is the lack of constraints that are brought about by economic and other external factors. Nonetheless, allocating long hours for work and understanding that our clients are our bosses have always been a top priority†. â€Å"Most often, the problems we encounter are brought about by the pressures from competing with larger businesses. For instance, to find new customers has always been a great challenge for us. To establish a continual flow of business, it has always been very important to focus on marketing the services that we offer†. The Importance of Branding to Small Businesses The next questions focused on the actual management of business, including the importance of branding and the strategies that they use to develop their brand. Their responses included: â€Å"Branding is the image that the public has of our business; it does not necessarily refer to the brand that we aim to create but rather the perception of what others have of us. This perception can be affected by various aspects of our business, from the products and services that we offer to the marketing tools that we use†. â€Å"Internet usage has been of great importance to us, such as through social media and online search engines. Aside from reinforcing our brand, we also provide clear, relevant, and engaging information to our target audience. Marketing and advertising activities should always be integrated

Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Humanities - Essay Example The statue of david is a sculpture of a nude man standing and represents the heroic David of the bible. The eyes of the sculpture are turned towards Rome in what looks like a stare of warning. On the other hand, the Pieta depicts the dead body of Jesus on the laps of his mother, Mary. The sculpture portrays a balance of classical beauty and renaissance ideals. Michelangelo’s works were entirely involved in the services of the Catholic Church (Creighton 25). He was a man of pessimism in his poetry and optimist in his artwork. He is considered to be one of the greatest artists and architect during the Renaissance period. His artwork consisted of paintings and sculptures that revealed humanity in its natural state. The renaissance was a period between 1500 and1700. During this period there was a rebirth of interest in the ideas of the classical period. In this period the ideas of Hippocrates and Galen were studied and the four humors become the focus of medical treatments and bloodletting became very popular (Lobenstine 78). Science began in this period (renaissance period) and it changed (got replaced) superstition into medicine. This period also saw the founding of the royal society, in the year 1660, a body of leading scientists. People in this period had to be educated and had to have knowledge in both science and arts like Leonardo da Vinci (Lobenstine 83). He was well known for his art works (like the Mona Lisa) and he was also a scientist and regularly attended dissections. The reformation happened during this period largely as people were thinking about the things around them and were not ready to accept what had always been. During the renaissance period (1517) Martin Luther brought out a list of things that he thought were wrong with the church to a door of a church in Wittenberg in Germany. These ideas threatened the Catholic Church as many people liked them and protested about the Catholic Church, these people came to be known as the Protestants

Critically assess the proposition that Muslims have become the main Essay

Critically assess the proposition that Muslims have become the main focus of official efforts to exclude Others from the s - Essay Example 5 Muslim communities of the 20th/21st centuries based on three typologies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Multiculturalism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 Differential exclusion / guest worker system†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Assimilation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Terrorism as usually associated with Muslim people†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Social exclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 Introduction Islam is the religion for more than 2 billion people on the earth. Only in Western Europe there are about 10 million Muslims, who are considered to be the largest religious minority in the region and the third largest religion overall growing much faster than traditionally dominant Catholic and Protestant religions. As a result, Islam became a significant religious and social force in the Western European countries, including France, Germany, United Kingdom, and others. In Great Britain, for example, Muslims are the second largest faith group after Christians. More than half of them were born in the United Kingdom having such ethnic backgrounds as Turkish, Arab, Indian, Asian, Kurdish, and Pakistani. Muslims coming to live in France are usually from francophone countries such as Tunisia, Egypt, Algeria and Morocco (Castles and Miller, 2003). Finally, Germany has many Muslims with Turkish and Kurdish origin. Since the number of Muslims living in Western Europe and the United States continue to grow and more and more people become converted into Islam religion, anti-Muslim sentiments and movements started growing across Europe when Muslims have become the main focus of official efforts to exclude them as â€Å"others† from the states of Europe. The main reason for such actions is the fear of a ‘Muslim invasion’ when European national identities can be threatened by the ongoing processes of European integration and immigration from the developing countries (Ferrera, 2005). While in the past immigration rules were less restricted for certain countries, they became tougher recently due to the increased number of immigrants living on the unemployment compensation from the government, which raises concerns and complaints from the citizens who work hard and pay taxes. Even if immigrants find a job, the employers pay much less salaries and wages for them than for national citizens. So, it shifts preferences for employment toward immigrants. In such a way, socially excluded â€Å"national† citizens compete with socially excluded ethnic minorities or immigrant ‘others’ for limited national resources of welfare (Castles and Miller, 2003). Such current situation in the Western European countries can be associated with a â€Å"social regression† or a â€Å"social crisis† in addition to a growing political and cultural crisis based on the established national identities. In such a way, recently there is a strong tendency to exclude Muslim immigrant â€Å"others† out of the European countries to make it â€Å"nationally pure† again. Syncretism Syncretism, which means "combining", is the att empt to reconcile contrary

In the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels Essay

In the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels - Essay Example Considering that presently, Europe has been maintaining a low salary system for workers, it appears that the statements made by Marx and Engels do not reflect a truthful and realistic understanding of the economic system as a whole. Despite the failure of the workers today to uplift the salary standards of the working class, the European businesses continue to emerge and win in the international trade. Thus, it can be interpreted as contradictory to the adverse effects to the capitalists as pronounced by Marx and Engels. Otherwise, to continuously take advantage of the working class would mean defeat to the capitalists. Both Marx and Engels failed to see the power behind the capitalists and the latter's influence to suppress the possible violent reactions by the working class. The statements however of Marx and Engels did not just go to naught. The European economy could not have survived without the ideas of the two well-known pro-working class theoreticians. Knowing fully well that the proletariat, or the working class for this matter, has the potential capability to rise and change the events in their favor if continuously suppressed, the European capitalists, through the government provided for some incentives that would somehow satisfy the workers and hinder them from fighting back their employers due to urges for more economic reforms. The employers' unrelenting resistance to revolutionary actions in favor of the working class proved to be successful. Thus, the government freely allowed the labor sector to represent themselves in the government thru participation therein. Thru this, the discussion of the numerous demands of the working class would be limited in the parliament and not to revolutions that could overthrow the government, as predicted b y Karl Marx. In general, Marx and Engels failed to give proper and due recognition to the capitalists as a relevant factor in the production. They should have considered the fact that labor will be of no use if there are no raw materials to start with; and who then has the capability to provide the raw materials but the capitalists! Marx and Engels appeared to be one-sided, clinging on to the proletariat without reflecting on the need for economic balance of the society. The prophesies made by them are too extreme. They have not realized the fact that any sector that is put into power has this tendency to abuse the others. In a purely capitalist system, the capitalists abuse the proletariat for their benefit. However, the proletariat, once put into power, has this tendency also to abuse the capitalists because each sector fails to acknowledge the relevant role being played by the other. It is the extreme ideas of isolation that leads the members of the society to abuse their power. Emphasis should be made that the statements of Marx and Engels are not totally wrong; only then, it should be made more pragmatic, if one has to apply the ideas today. The urge of the capitalists to continue with production which by the way is the essence of the modern day industry, is not actually paving the way to their own graves. It is more subtle to say that this urge to produce through the use of the labor sector could be a way to the capitalists' graves if they will continuously abuse the rights of the working class and refuse to give them what is due to them. The essence of production is

Megacities of Asia Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Megacities of Asia - Assignment Example As Sen (2001) discusses, women were denied opportunity to study, owner significant assets, have well paying jobs or even have access to significant amenities. A nation such as Japan might be rather egalitarian in issues of basic facilities or demography, and also, to a great level, in higher education, and yet development to eminent levels of occupation and employment appears to be much more difficult for females than for males (Sen, 2001). However, due to the spread of education, this is no longer the case. For instance, India, along with Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, have had women who have headed their governments, of which even the United States and does not appears very liable to have in the near future (Sen, 2001). Certainly, in reference to Bangladesh, where both the president and the official opposition leader are women, one may begin to wonder whether or not any male could ever rise to power there in the immediate

In the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels Essay

In the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels - Essay Example Considering that presently, Europe has been maintaining a low salary system for workers, it appears that the statements made by Marx and Engels do not reflect a truthful and realistic understanding of the economic system as a whole. Despite the failure of the workers today to uplift the salary standards of the working class, the European businesses continue to emerge and win in the international trade. Thus, it can be interpreted as contradictory to the adverse effects to the capitalists as pronounced by Marx and Engels. Otherwise, to continuously take advantage of the working class would mean defeat to the capitalists. Both Marx and Engels failed to see the power behind the capitalists and the latter's influence to suppress the possible violent reactions by the working class. The statements however of Marx and Engels did not just go to naught. The European economy could not have survived without the ideas of the two well-known pro-working class theoreticians. Knowing fully well that the proletariat, or the working class for this matter, has the potential capability to rise and change the events in their favor if continuously suppressed, the European capitalists, through the government provided for some incentives that would somehow satisfy the workers and hinder them from fighting back their employers due to urges for more economic reforms. The employers' unrelenting resistance to revolutionary actions in favor of the working class proved to be successful. Thus, the government freely allowed the labor sector to represent themselves in the government thru participation therein. Thru this, the discussion of the numerous demands of the working class would be limited in the parliament and not to revolutions that could overthrow the government, as predicted b y Karl Marx. In general, Marx and Engels failed to give proper and due recognition to the capitalists as a relevant factor in the production. They should have considered the fact that labor will be of no use if there are no raw materials to start with; and who then has the capability to provide the raw materials but the capitalists! Marx and Engels appeared to be one-sided, clinging on to the proletariat without reflecting on the need for economic balance of the society. The prophesies made by them are too extreme. They have not realized the fact that any sector that is put into power has this tendency to abuse the others. In a purely capitalist system, the capitalists abuse the proletariat for their benefit. However, the proletariat, once put into power, has this tendency also to abuse the capitalists because each sector fails to acknowledge the relevant role being played by the other. It is the extreme ideas of isolation that leads the members of the society to abuse their power. Emphasis should be made that the statements of Marx and Engels are not totally wrong; only then, it should be made more pragmatic, if one has to apply the ideas today. The urge of the capitalists to continue with production which by the way is the essence of the modern day industry, is not actually paving the way to their own graves. It is more subtle to say that this urge to produce through the use of the labor sector could be a way to the capitalists' graves if they will continuously abuse the rights of the working class and refuse to give them what is due to them. The essence of production is

Assigment #3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Report on Multi User Operating Systems Essay Example for Free

Report on Multi User Operating Systems Essay Resources Sharing Concepts of Resource Sharing A multi user operating system can support more that one user at a time, this means that multiple users can share the same system resources simultaneously. The users of a multi user operating system can share both hardware and software resources, the operating system carries out complicated routines to manage all the processes that the users are running. List of shared resources: * Hardware CPU Power, RAM, Hard drive, Peripherals (printer, Scanner, CD ROM) Other peripherals may be made available in a MUOS for users who require them (Floppy disk drive, Speakers, Head Phones, Video Cameras etc. ) * Software Scheduler Software (needed to manage and prioritise tasks). Batch Job Some processes take a long time to complete and can often disturb other computer tasks that are important. A Batch Job is a file that does not require any user interaction, so it is set up to run a number of processes at a later time, often late at night. One example is overnight maintenance at a bank when they update all the accounts so it will not disrupt the other processes during the day. Multi-Tasking Concepts of multi-tasking Multi tasking is when the operating system switches between tasks at a very high speed, it can sometimes seem as though it is performing more than one task at a time. For example, a user could be printing and typing at the same time, and listening to a CD. Many users can access the same resources at (what appears to be) the same time. One disadvantage of this is that it requires a great deal of memory and the processes may run slower. The two types of multi-tasking are co-operative and pre-emptive: * Pre-emptive This is when the applications are forced to give up the CPU after a certain length of time so that the other processes get an equal share of CPU time. (time-sliced). * Co-operative multi-tasking is when it is the current running tasks responsibility to share the CPU to the other processes. One task must finish before the other starts. It is called Co-operative because all the tasks must co-operate for this type of processing to work and there is no time limit on each task. (Round Robin). Advantages / Disadvantages An advantage of Pre-emptive multi-tasking is that some important tasks may be allocated a more time slices so it will not be stalled by other smaller tasks. A disadvantage of both types of multi-tasking is that it requires a large amount of memory to work properly. Background Processing Concepts of background / foreground processing When a task will require a long time to process and requires no user input e.g. downloading a large file from the internet, it can be processed later when the computer is not processing other tasks. Background processing is often used in banks and businesses to process the customers accounts at the end of each day, the operating system can be left to run the process overnight or when the CPU is not currently being used by a task that requires a great deal of processing. Unix command to run background processing Control-Z = Leave process running in background bg = Continue process at background Control-C = move foreground process to background Fg = move the process to foreground Example of a background process If you need to run a large print job, e.g. printing out one hundred copies of a Workbook for a group of students, it can be set as a background process and will only use CPU power when other tasks are not running. Types of Multi-User Operating System Multi-Processor More than one CPU Multi user operating systems can sometimes have more that one processor. In some expensive operating systems it is possible to connect more CPUs to the system and have them work together to execute tasks. Multiprocessing can significantly reduce the time taken to execute each process. An operating system with multiple processors can perform different tasks separately or a task can be split up and processed by different CPUs. Advantages / Disadvantages An advantage is that multi processing systems can be very speedy at completing tasks. A disadvantage is that this type of system is very expensive. Time-Sliced As multi user operating systems share resources, different processes can require different amounts of time. It is possible and to interrupt a large process so that a smaller process to be completed. If you were using a time slicing system then the processor will switch between processes at timed intervals (Pre-emptive). The amount of time allocated to each process is called a time slice. The length of time given for each time-slice is allocated by a program called a scheduler. An advantage is that larger or more important processes may be given more time slices than a smaller task so it can be completed, however this could also be a disadvantage if there are many users executing smaller tasks as they will take longer to be finished. Distributed The distributed system is where a number of systems are connected through a Local Area Network. This can be more powerful than a single processor system and it is capable of online sharing. Hardware Components Processor The CPU is the brain of the operating system. It responds to and processes and instructions that control the computer. The control unit in a CPU controls everything which happens within, the ALU does calculations and is responsible for decision making and the accumulator stores the last data that was decoded for future processes. There are various registers within the CPU, they are the instruction register, which holds the instruction that is being decoded, the program counter stores what part of the program we have reached, the memory address register points to the location where data is being fetched or written and the memory data register is a storage area for data that is currently being transferred between the memory and the CPU. The Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle has three important stages. * FETCH The CPU collects an instruction from the RAM * DECODE The control unit figures out what to do with it. * EXECUTE The instruction is carried out The speed of an FDE cycle depends on how fast the processor is (the length of time it takes for the signals to be sent to the control bus, and how many T-cycles each assembly instruction takes to execute. Memory Random Access Memory is sometimes known as main memory. RAM is volatile, which means it loses all the stored information when the power is cut off. Some computers also use virtual memory, which is stored in the hard drive but acts like RAM, this is much slower than physical memory. Another type of memory is Read Only Memory (ROM) which can be written to but cannot be erased. Data Storage Devices Floppy disk can be written to and erased, 1.44Mb CD ROM Can be written to but not erased, 700Mb Hard Drive stores many Gigabytes, can be written to and erased Zip Drive can be written to and erased, 100 250Mb Terminals Dumb Terminal A dumb terminal has no processing capabilities as they have no memory or processor of their own, it has only a monitor, keyboard and mouse. They are connected to a central processor. Intelligent Terminal An intelligent terminal contains memory and a CPU and is a standalone device. It only has to connect to the central processor when needed. Command to find terminal type terminfo Input / Output Devices Dumb Terminal Input keyboard and mouse. Output monitor Intelligent Terminal Input keyboard, mouse, scanner, touch screen. Output monitor, printer, speakers Software Components Kernel The Kernel is the heart of the operating system, the lowest level or the central part. Communication with the hardware is through the kernel. In multi user operating systems it is the kernels job to keep each process and user separate and to organize access to the system hardware, including CPU, memory, disk and other I/O devices. Device Handlers A device is any piece if hardware that is used in an operating system. A device handler is a piece of software within the operating system that communicates with the devices and tells them what to do. This is part of the operating system that is responsible for servicing requests of the device request queue. Spoolers (Simultaneous peripheral operations on-line) Spooling is used when data is waiting to go to an output device after it has been processed. The data is placed into a queue so that the CPU can process something else instead of having to slow down to the speed of the output device. Spoolers are used on mainly old devices e.g. old printers that can only handle one job at a time User Interface This is how the user can view the data within the operating system. The main types of user interfaces are; the graphical user interface e.g. Windows and Command driven interface e.g. MS DOS and standard UNIX. The CDI was more complicated to use than a GUI as you would have to know certain commands to do very basic tasks. Bibliography Index http://physinfo.ulb.ac.be/cit_courseware/opsys/ostart.htm http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/operating-system1.htm http://physinfo.ulb.ac.be/cit_courseware/opsys/ostart.htm http://www.canberra.edu.au/~sam/whp/unix-cmd.html http://cm.bell-labs.com/

Physical therapy management to reduce post operative CABG

Physical therapy management to reduce post operative CABG Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery (CABG) is a medical procedure used in the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD is a disease that causes narrowing of the coronary arteries (the blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle) due to the accumulation of fatty deposits called plaques within the walls of the arteries. Investigations such as electrocardiogram, stress tests, cardiac catheterization, imaging tests such as chest x- rays, echocardiography, or computed tomography (CT), and blood tests to measure blood cholesterol, triglycerides, and other substances are used to diagnose CAD. The accretion of plaques over the years causes symptoms such as chest pain, fatigue, palpitations, and shortness of breath. Some patients with CAD may be symptom free in the early stages; the disease will progress until sufficient artery blockage exists to cause symptoms and discomfort. Blockage of the coronary arteries will cause the heart muscle to weaken due to inadequ ate blood supply, leading to a condition called ischemia. If the blood flow is not restored to the particular area of the heart muscle, the tissue dies, leading to myocardial infarction or heart attack. In order to restore blood supply and treat the narrowing of the arteries, the blocked portion of the artery is bypassed or rerouted with another piece of vessel, this is called CABG surgery1. Despite the many advances and development in anesthesia, surgical techniques, and postoperative care for CABG surgery, postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) retain a high postoperative morbidity and mortality rate 1. The risk of PPC has increased in CABG procedure due to two factors: intra-operative and external. The intra-operative factors are factors that are associated with the surgical procedure such as general anesthesia, surgical incision, type of graft, topical cooling for myocardial protection, and cardiopulmonary bypass2. General anesthesia increases the risk of PPC when the anesthetic component is administered to the patient while lying in supine position; it results in respiratory depression leading to a Ventilation-Perfusion (VQ) mismatch. In the surgical approach, the incision site in the upper thoracic area, which is a standard 20cm incision, decreases the preservation of pulmonary function. The type of graft used such as IMA increases the risk of attaining PPC. Topical cooling also used in CABG increases the incidence of phrenic nerve injury. Cardiopulmonary bypass which is unique to this surgery causes additional lung injury and longer pulmonary recovery, which occurs due to the acute systemic and pulmonary inflammatory response which is known as à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"pump lung or à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"post pump syndrome 2. External factors that could increase the risk of acquiring PPC are aging, the prevalence of surgical delay, increased sickness and complex health problems. The diagnosis of PPC, requires symptomatic pulmonary dysfunction symptoms such as increased work of breathing, shallow respiration, ineffective cough, and hypoxemia 2; in addition to clinical findings such as atelectasis, pleural effusion, pneumonia etc. The most frequent types of PPC associated with CABG are atelectasis which ranges from16.6% to 88%, phrenic nerve paralysis (30 % to 75%), and pleural effusion (27%-95%) 2. Acquiring PPC leads to the increased use of medical supplies and other health care expenses. Numerous interventions have been used to treat PPC but, due to variance in opinions, no resolution has been reached to which is the most effective and efficient intervention in treating PPC. To prevent postoperative complications such as PPC, less invasive techniques are applied by physical therapists. Physical therapists are responsible for the management and rehabilitation of the patient, which includes treating and educating the patient and helping them to attain the maximum function, and satisfying level of independence; this is achieved by decreasing the level of limitation and impairment. Physical therapy treatments include mobilization and airway clearance techniques, positioning, breathing exercises, coughing maneuvers, mobility and functional exercises. Physical therapy has been known to intervene in surgical procedures such as CABG, but most of the intervention used in patients reha bilitation is performed postoperatively. Recent studies have confirmed that post-operative patients, especially in CABG can improve as much as 50% 3 by introducing pre-operative physical therapy management. The preoperative management targets patients pre-surgically and directs its rehabilitating techniques towards the reduction of a possible PPC pre-operatively. Preoperative physical therapy management includes appropriate patient selection, preoperative PT assessment, patient education, and pre-operative physical therapy treatment (PPTT). These management protocols further enhance post-operative results by training patients on post-operative techniques. Thus pre- and post- operative physical therapy management is performed to reduce post-operative CABG pulmonary complications. Literature review Pre-operative Physical Therapy Treatment Preoperative management is an early involvement of physical therapy prior to surgery. It is a method used in prevention of patient deterioration by directing its efforts towards the patients respiratory and physical condition. Preoperative physical therapy management ensures that the patient is in the best respiratory and physical condition prior to surgery, to be able to have a rapid recovery. Preoperative management mainly focuses on appropriate patient selection, patient education, pre-operative assessment, and preoperative treatment. Appropriate patient selection Patients undergoing surgery have certain characteristics which can increase or alter the risk of any surgical complications especially in CABG. These characteristics affect the outcome of surgery, therefore leading to post operative complications. Suitable patient selection in preoperative rehab is important. This allows the physical therapists to categorize patients. Patients can either be classified as low risk or high risk patients. Classifying patients in such order ensures that each patient will obtain a tailored preoperative management program according to their condition and will receive maximum benefits from the program 4. The characteristics that alter the patients risks are pre-existing respiratory problems, obesity, age, smoking, patient motivation, and nutritional status 4. Pre-existing respiratory problems is of three factors infection, restrictive defects, and obstructive defects. Infection may affect both upper and lower respiratory tracts. If the upper respiratory tract is infected, it will cause increased mucus production. And if it infects the lower respiratory tract it may initiate impaired gas exchange leading to hypoxia secondary to pneumonia, resulting in exacerbation of infection. Restrictive defects include lung fibrosis, pulmonary oedema, and pleural effusion. The restrictive may reduce lung volume, resulting in an increase of airway resistance and closing of airways following anesthesia. Obstructive defects are also known as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD). The occurrence of COPD in patients undergoing surgery will lead to an increase in the anesthesia dose due to bronchial hyperactivity. Obesity is another characteristic that can upgrade a patient into the higher risk group. Obesity is usually detected by using the Body Mass Index (BMI). According to Selsby and Jones 1993, increase in body mass may lead to reduced lung compliance by approximately one third; this is due to the additional weight on the chest wall. As a person ages the lung loses its elasticity in recoiling and the lung volume is reduced. During aging, respiration is reduced by weakening of the respiratory muscles and stiffening of the rib cage. Smoking is the major cause of greater ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) shunt, and impaired oxygenation during anesthesia. This is because smoking results in narrowing of the airways, excessive mucus secretion and decreased mucus clearance, and irritable airways. Patient motivation is the current mental or cognitive, and emotional state of the patient. Any disturbance in such states may result in decrease patient compliance and increases the duration of the patients recovery. Preoperative PT assessment Pre-operative assessment is a technique used to establish an outline of the patients current status, and form a baseline to assess the patients progress. The pre-operative assessment includes subjective and objective assessments. Subjective assessment is an interrogation procedure used by the physical therapist to obtain information to help with the preoperative treatment program. During the subjective assessment, open-ended questions 4 are used, which allows the patient to discuss their current problems. There are five main points that need to be clarified during this type of assessment; dyspnea, cough, secretion (sputum and haemoptysis), wheeze, and chest pain. During the objective assessment, the physical therapists use their own skill in examining the patient. The physical therapists examines by observation, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. Further details may be obtained by the use of tests such as spirometry arterial blood gases (ABGs), and chest radiographs 4. When assessment is completed, the physical therapist analyzes the information obtained and integrates it with their knowledge, resulting in a problem list. According to the problem list the physical therapists addresses these problems by setting specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time specific goals according to the problems obtained from examination. A well designed treatment plan is set to help resolve these problems. Patient Education Patient education plays an important role in rehabilitation. The patient is educated by the staff, which includes the surgeon, physical therapists and nurses. The patient is educated on preoperative and postoperative programs or protocols. During patient education, verbal and written information is given to patients. The role of the physiotherapist in patient education is to highlight and clarify the main points of the CABG procedure, allowing the patient to become familiar with the surgery. The physical therapist also explains the main effects of surgery on the respiratory function, location of the wound, and wires and monitors attached. The instructions given before the surgery puts the patient at ease and postoperatively accelerates the functional recovery of the patient. To reinforce the verbal information, leaflets and brochures are given to help the patient. Pre-operative Physical Therapy Treatment (PPTT) PPTT is directed towards maximizing pulmonary function 4 by the reduction of PPC and the use of non-invasive PT interventions. Since PPTT is a newly emerged, few studies are found that discuss the preoperative treatment of patients undergoing CABG procedures. Therefore no precise treatment techniques or protocols are followed during PPTT. Studies have suggested that the most common types of PPC that occur following CABG surgery are atelectasis, and pneumonia. Atelectasis which is an abnormal respiratory condition causes lung collapse, therefore leading to deprivation of gas exchange. It is caused by an obstruction of major airways and bronchioles. It is a complication that is frequently seen in post-operative period and is found in the basilar region in post CABG. To treat and prevent such condition deep breathing techniques and incentive Spirometry is used 5. Pneumonia is an infection or inflammation of the lungs. It can be caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi or by a potential complication such as pleural effusion. Pneumonia is treated by pharmaceutical agents, coughing techniques, and breathing exercises 5. It was found that both PPCs are caused by the patients inability to expectorate sputum and due to insufficient diaphragmatic breathing. Therefore the most appropriate way to treat such conditions is to rehabilitate patients preoperatively. PPTT treatments are of a large variety and no precise treatment has been advised solely for treatment. During my investigation I have came upon many techniques used. The most common treatment used within the PPTT is breathing exercises (BE), respiratory muscle devices, and sputum expectoration techniques. BE are several techniques used to help increase the muscle strength and increase air entry. It is performed by inflating and deflating the lungs. There are many types of BE some are pursed lip breathing (PLB), paced breathing, diaphragmatic breathing, segmental breathing, sustained maximal inspiration (SMI), and global lung expansion. Respiratory muscle devices are instruments used to help strengthen the surrounding breathing muscle by the use of resistance as shown with the inspiratory muscle trainers (IMT) and aids the patient in air entry by visual aid, as shown with the incentive spirometer (IS). The sputum expectoration techniques are tactics used to expel secretions from the lung. One of the most common techniques used nowadays is the secretion removal technique, this is a method used to remove mucus from the lung and helps in expectorating the sputum, it is known as postural drainage. This method can be applied according to area of secretion and can be modified according to the patients condition. Other supporting or assisting techniques is coughing and the Forced Expiratory technique. Coughing is used to help the patient to expectorate sputum. The PT can teach the patient the correct method and may support the patient incision or wound when coughing if needed, or assists the patient by applying force on the abdomen, increasing the abdominal pressure therefore giving extra force. FET is less forceful technique, it is similar to coughing, and the patient huffs instead of coughing. This method brings the mucus to the upper airways and is usually followed by coughing to expel sputum. An observational follow up study was performed by Isabel Yanez-Barage. The purpose of the study was to examine the use of preoperative respiratory physiotherapy, on the incidence of pulmonary complications in CABG surgery. Two groups of patients were involved in the study. The first group was the intervention group, whom received PPTT and the second group was the control group, who had no PPTT. The apparatuses used within the study included Incentive IS and, BE. Prior to their use, uses and importance of the apparatus was explained to the patients. The techniques that was used during the study, were ten deep BE, diaphragmatic breathing, thirty long expansion maneuvers, tactile stimulation, three stages of Sustained Maximum Inspiration (SMI), ten global lung expansion, secretion removal techniques, supported or assisted coughing. The above techniques were put in a program, and all exercises were performed in two sessions per day, while the SMI was performed six times per day, five set s with 30-60 seconds rest between each set. The results of the study showed that the presence of atelectasis occurred 48hours after surgery. The PPTT group had a 17.3% of atelectasis, while the non PPT group had 36.3%. The study also showed that a relationship existed between atelectasis and patient gender, and that 21.8% was found in females while 37.5% in males 3. Another study performed by Erik H. J. Hulzebos, focused on two primary outcomes. One was post operative complications, which is pneumonia. The second outcome measure is the post-operative pulmonary complications (PPC), which include the influences of morbidity and mortality rate, the length or duration of stay at hospital, and the overall resource utilization. The interventions used in this study included such as IMT and IS, while the techniques included are patient education in active cycle of breathing techniques and Forced Expiratory Techniques (FET). The program followed within the study was the use of FET and performing it on daily basis seven times per week for duration of two weeks before surgery, and the IMT was done for twenty minutes, six times per week without supervision and once per week with PT supervision. The result of the primary outcome measure is that18% (25 of 139) of the patients from the IMT group developed PPC, while patient 35% (48 of 137) of usual care group developed PPC. The incidence of pneumonia was less in the IMT group whom had 6.5% (9 of 139). While on the other hand the usual care group had a higher incidence which was 16.1% (22 of 137).The usual care group had also another complication, where 3 of the 22 patients developed respiratory failure and died after surgery as a result of cardiac failure, while none of the IMT patients died. The study concluded that preoperative physical therapy reduced PPC by 50%. The study suggests that no a single PT techniques or intervention is better than the other in preventing PPC. Pre-operative PT has increased inspiratory force, decreased the incidence of PPC and hospitalization, and reduced morbidity 1. . Post-operative Physical Therapy Management Post operative complications are common in patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgeries. According to Agnieszka Piwoda et al, the fundamentals to a properly designed and conducted cardiac surgery, is physical therapy management 6. To minimize postoperative complications, physical therapy management is introduced. Postoperative physical therapy (POPPT) starts the instant the patient is transferred from the operating room to the intensive care unit (ICU), which lasts 1 to 2 days and is continued in the ward from 2nd day till the date of discharge which is the 7th day 6. During the patients stay at the ICU postoperative, physical therapy rehab is aimed towards the reduction of airway obstruction, increasing and enhancing ventilation-perfusion matching, which is also known as gas exchange (VQ matching), restoring normal gasometrical values which when by doing so, the patient is prevented from re-intubation 6, decreasing ventilatory failure where the patient becomes dependent to the mechanical ventilator 3, and preventing thrombo-embolitic changes altogether leading to a decrease in ICU stay. The ward rehab starts when the patient gains early extubation; this allows the patient to regain contact with reality. During this period the physical therapist is able to eradicate secretion accumulation, and rapidly mobilize or ambulate the patient 6. Maintenance of permanent and intensive mobilization will improve cardiopulmonary tolerance, leading to an increase in physical endurance and patient independence, therefore reducing hospital stay 7. Most of the studies involving a majority of patients undergoing CABG are focused on reducing basilar atelectasis and pneumonia and hypoxemia 7 by applying specific post operative physical therapy objectives such as recruiting lung tissue from shunt to zone of low ventilation in relation to perfusion 8, increasing lung capacities especially FVC and FEV8, decreasing respiratory muscle dysfunction 3, increasing respiratory muscle function diaphragm 6, restoring thoracic breathing manoeuvres by strengthening postural and respiratory muscles, and endorsing effective breathing patterns by reducing the work of breathing 7. To achieve optimum results and regain the inclusive functional independency, POPPT management should include airway clearance techniques, early mobilization, bed mobility and positioning, breathing exercises (BE), and patient education. Specific post operative physical therapy techniques such as the use of intensive deep breathing exercises and devices such as IS, and IMT should be emphasized when rehabilitating post CABG patients. Prior to POPPT, an extensive patient evaluation similar to the preoperative assessment should be performed. When assessing the patient problems, goals should be set and are treated accordingly. Airway clearance techniques A manual or mechanical procedure that assists in clearance of secretion from the airways is known as Airway Clearance Techniques (ACT) 9. ACT is indicated for impaired mucociliary transport or an ineffective and unproductive cough. When choosing an ACT the patients pathophysiology, symptoms and medical status should be taken in consideration. The techniques included in ACT are Postural Drainage (PD), manual chest clearance, and coughing. PD is a technique that drains secretion by gravity assistance, and the use of more than one body position. There are 12 positions used during PD 9, in each position the segmental bronchus is drained perpendicular to the floor. These positions can be modified according to the patients medical status. The most affected segment should be prioritized. The patient is positioned using an adjustable bed, pillows or blanket rolls, and enough personnel to assist in moving the patient safely. PD is used for approximately 5-10 minutes solely and longer if tolerated 9. Manual chest clearance technique is the application of manual supplementary techniques such as vibration, percussion, and shaking to postural drainage positions 10. Coughing technique is a forceful airstream method used to remove secretions out through the trachea and to the mouth. Coughing technique is performed in four stages, and may be applied before, during and after PD and manual chest clearance techniques. In CABG patients, the coughing technique is supported using splinting. This is done is applying pressure to the incision site either by using a pillow or a belt. This techniques helps with decreasing the pain associated with the surgery. Early mobilization Early mobilization or ambulation is the method used to set patients in motion postoperatively by using the assistance of PT. The patient mobilization process is performed gradually and according to the patients tolerance. Mobilization starts by sitting the patient from supine to a long sitting position. Then when further stability is regained the patient is positioned on the edge of the bed. The patient is then progressed to standing, and later when the patient regains more stability, walking is initiated. Positioning Positioning is a therapeutic and ventilatory movement that is used to assist the patient in regular changing of position while in bed. It is essential in the patient early stages of recovery. Positioning allows the patient to progress from dependence to independence. The technique involves the selection of certain positions to assist the patient with efficient and diaphragmatic breathing patterns. The technique is indicated for patients with diaphragmatic weakness, patients unable to correctly use the diaphragm for efficient inspiration, or who have inhibition of diaphragm muscle due to pain 9. The training usually commences in the ICU. An example used by Sadowsky et al on positioning is the performance of ROM exercise with breathing. The exercise is performed by the patient inspiring air and accompanying it with shoulder flexion, abduction, external rotation, and eyes in an upward gaze. Then the patient exhales with shoulder extension, adduction, internal rotation and downward gaze. In addition to the exercise the patient is asked to tilt the pelvis posteriorly. This allows diaphragmatic breathing pattern and optimizes the length-tension relationship of the diaphragm 9. This technique progression should be applied to transfer, ambulation, and stair climbing. This technique is highly recommended for patient patients that underwent CABG since they are likely to have 90.7% of diaphragmatic elevation 11. Breathing exercises Breathing exercises are maneuvers used for patients with signs and symptoms of decreased strength or endurance of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles 9. There are many breathing exercises one of them is known as the Active Cycle of Breathing Technique (ACBT) 10. ACBT includes a group of breathing techniques such as breathing control, thoracic expansion exercises, and forced expiration technique. Other methods that assist BE are respiratory devices such as Inspiratory Muscle Trainers (IMT) and Incentive Spirometry (IS). Respiratory devices are mechanical equipments used in attempt to reduce postoperative pulmonary complications particularly atelectasis and pneumonia. BE and respiratory devices are suggested for patients at high risk of having atelectasis such as CABG patients, whom are for 24.7% of postoperative atelectasis 9, 11. A study performed by Elizabeth Westerdahl investigated the effect if deep breathing exercise on pulmonary function, atelectasis, and Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs) after CABG. The study was performed on two groups, the first group was the deep breathing group and the second was the control group. Both groups were approached similarly in assessment, positioning, and mobility once or twice daily during the first 4 postoperative days. Chest PT was done twice in the first 4 post-op days, the therapy includes early mobilization, instructions in coughing techniques, and daily active exercises of the shoulder girdle, upper back, and assistance to turn form side to side and get out of bed. The deep BE group received an extra program, performing breathing exercises every hour during the day for four postoperative days. The exercise used is, 30 slow deep breaths with PEP blow bottle device, a 50cm plastic tube in a bottle containing 10 cm of water. The exercise was performed sitting; it is 3 sets of 10 deep breathing exercises with 30-60 seconds pause between each set. If needed, patient coughs during the pause to mobilize secretion. The result of the study illustrate that atelectasis was found in large areas at basal level close to the diaphragm and minor at the upper level near the apex. There was a significant decrease in atelectasis in deep breathing group by one half compared to the control group, and the correlation between PaO2 and atelectasis was weak. Recruited lung tissue is most likely converted from shunt regions to zones with low ventilation in relation to perfusion. In conclusion, Patients who performed deep-breathing exercises had a significant smaller atelectasis, and less reduction in FVC and FEV on the 4th post-op day. 8 Patient education Patient education which is an integral part of the post-operative physical therapy management is applied similarly to the preoperative patient education program. When educating a patient in the post-operative period, the instructions given should highlight the thought of improving quality of life by emphasizing on points such as having healthy eating habits, ceasing smoking, achieving independence, and accentuating the benefits of rehab, and returning back to ADL. Patients should also improve their physical education by participating in other therapies that have been introduced such as tai chi, PNF, NDT Bobath and music therapy 6. Conclusion As PPC has been of great concern to health professionals, the reduction of complications that accompany major surgeries such as CABG is of an important development. The main objective in physical therapy with regard to CABG is to reduce PPC by intervening with less invasive protocols. The combination of both pre-operative and post-operative physical therapy management has had effective results in managing CABG patients. The reduction of PPC by the use of preoperative physical therapy management has led to many advantages. Some of them are significant reduction in mechanical ventilators duration therefore reducing the duration of ICU stay, reduced hospitalization, decreased morbidity and mortality rate, enhanced early functional recovery, improved lung function and gas exchange. Such accomplishments are significant, but more studies have to be performed to develop PPTT programs and provide a certain protocol The reduction of PPC by the use of postoperative physical therapy has lead to the best outcome of treatment. It has decreased complications associated with surgery and reduces PPC, allowing the patient to regain maximum physical condition, reducing ICU and hospital stay by achieving physical and functional independence therefore assisting the patient in regaining better-quality of life 5. The patient can further continue physical therapy at the cardiac facility to promote additional cardiopulmonary conditioning. In Kuwait, post-operative PT management is more widely-used than preoperative. During my investigation I found out that the chest hospital is aware of the preoperative management and is applying it, but in an informal way. I would like to call attention to the use of post-operative PT management in association with pre-operative physical therapy management to help the patient have a better surgical outcome, regain maximal independence and improve the quality of their life.

Teaching Mathematics Essay -- Education Teaching Philosophy

Teaching Mathematics My interest in teaching mathematics came from the experience of helping others. I have always enjoyed learning math, and I realized that I also like helping other people learn math, especially those that struggle with it or those who have a disliking for it. As a teacher, I will be able to fulfill my aspirations; both my students and I will learn together and from one another. I feel that it is important for me, as a teacher, to stay current and deepen my understanding of mathematics and mathematics education. My learning will continue from my experiences and interactions as a teacher, helping me to become a better educator. I must always be willing to learn from the things I do and use this to better my teaching style, which will, in turn, benefit my students’ learning. To begin, I want to be able to benefit my students’ learning by aiding them in understanding math and realizing that, although they may not think so, math is practical in real life. In particular, I want to work with students at the secondary grade level because as kids get older...

Edward O. Wilson’s “Is Humanity Suicidal?” Essay

In the 1990s article, â€Å"Is Humanity Suicidal?†, Edward O. Wilson is concerned about the extinction of the human species. He believes that humanity’s harsh treatment of Earth will soon have excruciating consequences. Wilson also states that the increasing industrial world is having a very consequential affect on the global environment and that it may be too much for it to handle. He insists that â€Å"the human species is an environmental abnormality,† because human’s negative impact on the earth is likely to threaten the survival of the human species. Wilson asks â€Å"Who can safely measure the human capacity to overcome the perceived limits of the Earth?† The limits of the Earth’s natural resources and the Earth’s ability to sustain itself from humanity’s rough treatment is unknown. Wilson believes that there are two different perspectives for the future of the human species, which are exemptionalism and environmentalism. There are people who fail to recognize environmental issues for what they really are. These are the exemptionalists. They see these problems as very minor. Wilson believes that these people think that environmental problems will soon disappear with the growth and advancement of technology. He believes that these people are too caught up with their own lives and the present that they fail to think about what could be waiting for their ancestors in years to come. Then there are the environmentalists, in which Wilson has a strong belief in. Wilson believes that humanity cannot remake in the Earth in its original form. The increasing human efforts to remake the earth and control the global environment for human use is causing too much change in the environment that Earth soon my not be able to support the survival of the human race, therefore humanity’s intelligence can be somewhat of a weapon to there own survival. Wilson asks if population growth and human control over the environment proves that â€Å"humanity is suicidal†. Wilson argues that we are not destined to destroy ourselves by trying to control the environment, so therefore we are not suicidal. He believes that humanity is â€Å"smart enough and have time  enough to avoid an environmental catastrophe of civilization-threatening dimensions.† Wilson also holds the belief that in order to preserve our environment that we must realize that humans are not the only organisms in the ecosystem that helps keep the environment livable; every organism plays their part. With the constant reporting of the extinction of species because of our harsh treatment, the jobs that the different organisms have to our environment are now lost. He argues that the Earth is too complicated in order for one species to be bale to control it. Wilson concludes that we have around 50 to 100 years to straighten out our environment and to develop different values and ways of thinking. If the human’s negative impact on the Earth increases it will result in the fall of our global, industrial civilization.

Poltical Timeline in Indonesia

1803 – First phase of  Padri War * Began in 1803 prior to Dutch Intervention and lasted until 1825 * also called the  Minangkabau War * a conflict that had broken out in Minangkabau state between the so called  adat  and  padri  religious factions. The Adats were  Minangkabau  traditionalists who wanted to continue to include indigenous pre-Islamic religious practices and social traditions in local custom (Islam Abangan). The Padris, like contemporaneous jihadists in the  Sokoto Caliphate  of West Africa), were  Islamist  reformers who had made the  hajj  to Mecca and returned  inspired to bring the Qur'an and  shariah  to a position of greater influence in Sumatra. * The Dutch intervened from 1821 and helped the Adats defeat the Padri faction. 1806 – British and Dutch went to war 1811-1816 – Thomas Stamford Raffles is Lieutenant-Governer of Java (East India   Company officer– British) 1816 – British handed Indonesia back to the Dutch Many Indonesians resisted the return of the Dutch. However the Dutch eventually defeated them and regained control 1825 – The Java War * Happened in Central Java * led by Pangeran Diponegoro (the eldest son of the sultan of Yogyakarta) * initial cause: The Dutch wanted to build a road across Diponegoro's property that  had a sacred tomb in it. * war ended with Dutch victory in 1830 1831 – Second Phase of Pad ri War * Lasted until 1838 1870-1900 – The Liberal Period 1873-1913 – The Aceh War was an armed military conflict between theSultanate of Aceh  and the  Netherlands  which was triggered by discussions between representatives of Aceh and the U. S. inSingapore  during early 1873. The war was part of a series of conflicts in the late 19th century that consolidated Dutch rule over modern-day  Indonesia, concurrent with the  1906  and the  1908  interventions in  Bali 1879 – Kartini  was born in  Jepara, today the date is commemorated as women's emancipation day in Indonesia. Raden Ayu   Kartini, (21 April 1879 – 17 September 1904), or sometimes known as  Raden Ajeng Kartini, was a prominent  Javanese  and an  Indonesian  national heroine. Kartini is known as a pioneer in the area of  women's rights  for native Indonesians. 1894 – Lombok War *   The Dutch looted and destroyed the Cakranegara palace of  Mataram . [46]  J. L. A. Brandes, a Dutch philologist discovered and saved  Nagarakretagama  manuscript in Lombok royal library. 1898 – General van Heutz  becomes chief of staff of Aceh campaign and Wilhelmina  becomes queen of the Netherlands.

Ecosystems and How They Work Essay

Question 1. The industrialization of the United States began after the civil war and started to peak in the late 19th century as capital equipment and tools were developed. This made the rapid production of more goods for more people possible. This resulted in the expansion of the factory system allowing people to make a living by manufacturing, commerce, trade or finance. Industrialization, urbanization and immigration caused people to move from the village to the city and together with the influx of foreign immigrants, this led to a dramatic growth in urban population (Faulkner, 1924). The increasing density of industry, transportation and housing had negative impacts on both the land and the lives of the urban dwellers such that alongside with the revolution came the problem of pollution in all its forms – air, garbage, water and noise. The factories needed less variable energy production to run the factories thus energy production shifted from the waterwheel to the burning of fossil fuels and fuel oils. At first, the urban industrial centers took pride in black smoke as a symbol of progress and triumph of civilization. With the invention of the automobile and its rise in popularity, their exhaust fumes further exacerbated the already noxious emissions from the factories. These led to a multitude of respiratory ailments. The problem of garbage came with the increasing population. These accumulated faster than they can be collected and disposed. Even the horse-drawn carts utilized for the collection contributed to this problem as the equine waste s created both health hazards and foul odors. Then, the industrial effluents and sewage from were polluting the river systems. The public started to become aware that the environment cannot absorb limitless amounts of waste. By the 1960’s, the threat became too great. During the mid-twentieth century, the focus on environmental concerns was on the conservation of resources such as forest, ranges and water which led to the passage of laws such as the Taylor Grazing Act (1934), Soil Conservation Act (1935) and even the building of the Hoover Dam (formerly known as the Boulder Dam) to provide cheap electric power along with flood control, recreation and soil conservation. In the 1960’s, according to the environmental historian Samuel P. Hays, there was a shift â€Å"in emphasis from resource efficiency to that of quality of life based on beauty, health and permanence†¦ arising out of the social changes and transformation in human values in the post-War years† (cited in Faulkner, 2002). Various private organizations were found, public agencies established and acts passed to address environmental issues. In 1969, there was Friends of the Earth (FOE) which aimed to protect the planet from environmental disaster and to preserve biological, cultural and ethnic diversity. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) made it mandatory for federal agencies to prepare environment impact statement. To regulate the air and water quality, hazard and disposal management, the Environmental Protection Agency was established. In 1970, Earth Day was first promoted to fight environment causes and to oppose environmental degradation which led o the Environmental Movement. In the same year, the U. S. passed the Clean Air Act. Almost two decades later, an agreement by industrialized nations called the Kyoto Protocol was reached to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (Merchant, 2002). The cost of substantially reducing industrial pollution is high but the costs of ignoring it is even higher as it would compromise the sustainability of life itself. Question 2. â€Å"The biosphere is a closed ecological system with finite resources and its equilibrium is maintained by grand-scale recycling† (â€Å"Pollution†, 2004). Fungi and bacteria play major roles in maintaining a balanced ecosystem as they are in essence nature’s recyclers. Some of these processes where they are involved include photosynthesis and respiration, nitrogen fixation and denitrification. When an organic material is decomposed, the atmospheric supply of carbon dioxide is replenished. Carbon dioxide is needed by plants for the photosynthetic process where oxygen is a by-product and released into the atmosphere. Oxygen is essential for human respiration. Plants also need nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus in the form of phosphates in order to flourish. These can be found in the soil. Nitrogen is obtained through nitrification through microbes oxidizing ammonium to form nitrate and nitrate salts. It can also be obtained through bacteria living in the root nodules of legumes. They obtain fee nitrogen from the air, and synthesize or fix it or even just incorporate it into their bodies so when they die, the nitrogen compounds are released. The phosphorous cycle does not include a gaseous state. Instead, phosphates are removed from rocks where it usually occurs and distributed to both the soil and water. The plant absorbs all the nutrients it needs from the soil, produce its own food, releases oxygen, then are eaten by herbivores, who themselves are eaten by carnivores. The phosphates absorbed are returned to the soil through urine and feces as well as from plant and amanimal decomposition. Since the industrial revolution, we have increasingly ignored or altered the natural cycles. The resulting explosion in economic output has come at the cost of the long-term and dangerous depletion of natural capital. By relying on nitrogen fertilizer instead of organic farm wastes, we have reduced the fertility of agricultural lands and created dead zones in our oceans and rivers. Our logging operations and regular use of fossil fuels have increased atmospheric carbon concentrations to very high levels. By diverting or damming our rivers, we’ve dried out seas (or created new ones), changes local weather patterns and disrupted entire ecosystems. Nature will not be able to keep up if the natural cycles are disrupted by high quantities of wastes. We know this simply cannot go on.

Discussion 6 Thinking Critically About Architecture Essay

Discussion 6 Thinking Critically About Architecture - Essay Example The Supreme Court was created to be a government courthouse. The structure was designed by American Cass Gilbert in the neoclassical style (U.S. Supreme Court 1, 2011). The courthouse has several Greco-Roman influences. The building uses symmetry, standard Corinthian column types, roof entablature, building wells, and basilicas. The use of Greco-Roman architecture is a benefit to the functionality of the courthouse and its purpose. The great size of the building is used to house four floors of judicial service. The ground floor is used for offices and public services. The first floor is occupied by Justices’ chambers, offices for law clerks and secretaries, the East and West Conference rooms, and several other rooms of utility for officers of the court. The second floor is mostly office space and the Justices’ library and dining rooms. The third floor is where the Supreme Court Library is located. Neoclassical architecture is defined as classical architecture of ancient Greece and Roman influence that is likely to have symmetrical shape, columns that rise to the full height of the buildings, triangular pediment, and/or a domed roof (Neoclassical Architecture, 2011). This style is apparent in the exterior structure of the Supreme Court. There are sixteen exterior columns that rise to the top of the building and there is triangular pediment visual in the front end. The Supreme Court uses several types of columns from Greek order. The courthouse uses Corinthian columns topped with entablatures supporting the exterior of the building. These columns are present in the center entrance of the main building. There is a definite symmetry of the building as it peeks in the middle and skews to either side. Entablatures are present on the exterior of the courthouse embodied below the pediments and above the columns. These dà ©cor are typical of Greek culture and dramatic in design. Inside the Supreme Court uses what is known as the building

The Shakespearean Theatre Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Shakespearean Theatre - Term Paper Example These theatre companies had their own permanent cast of actors. These actors used to perform different plays on in a weekly cycle. Those theatrical companies were dependent on their audiences to gather funds for the continued existence of the theatres and plays. Shakespeare associated himself with the city’s most known theatrical company known as The Lord Chamberlain’s Man in London. He remained associated with the place from 1594 till rest of his life. By 1594, the theater had played six of the most famous plays by him. He was an official playwright and an actor for the theatre. During Shakespeare’s time, there were two monarchs who ruled over the land of England; King Henry (VIII) and Queen Elizabeth (I). Both of the monarchs keenly appreciated the plays produced by Shakespeare. Their personal affiliation with Shakespeare helped him gain new heights of popularity among the masses. During mid-sixteenth century, English theater was faced by grave situation. Those theatres were hardly organized and contributed very little towards the professional growth of an artist. It is unfair to recognize those theaters as artistic institutions. Usually, the artists used to perform in groups anywhere; sometimes in courtyards or sometimes in the grand halls of noble houses. The plays they performed merely had any theme. They were either bawdy interludes, unsophisticated tragedies or sometimes lacked the refined humor (Janette Dillon). However, time changed by the beginning of seventeenth century when theater became the life of London city. Lord Chamberlain’s Men was one the most reputable commercial theatrical company which boasted the career of William Shakespeare not only as an actor but also as a prominent playwright and a shareholder. Shakespeare earned a huge name from the platform of The Chamberlain’s Men which was later changed as the King’s Men in 1603 during the rule of James I. The actors including Shakespeare used to present most of their