what is social psychology Essays - Behavioural Sciences,

social paychology is the scientific study of how individuals think and feel and behave in regard to other people and how individuals thought, feeling and behaviors are affected by other people . lets look at each part of this definition.ther are many approaches to understanding how people think, feeland behave. we can learn about human behavior from nowels, films history and philosophy to name just a few. we can learn about human behavior from novels films history and philosophy to name just a few possibilities. what makes social psychology is a science. it applies the scientific method of systematic observation sescripition and measurement ot the study of the human condition. how and why social psychologiest do this is talk about in my next paper

Iraq and Kuwait essays

Iraq and Kuwait essays In August of 1990 a dispute between Iraq and Kuwait arose over territory possession and oil prices. Iraq argued that Kuwait refused to lower oil prices by refusing to decrease oil production. Iraq has also made claims that Kuwait was historically part of Iraqs land. This dispute ultimately lead to Desert Storm. Desert Storm lasted until February of 1991. The fight ended due to intervention of the US as well as a coalition of over 30 other countries. By then the Iraqi troops had already done serious damage to towns, as well as destroying 742 of Kuwaits 1,080 oil wells, which led to an environmental catastrophe. In addition, they also took thousands of Kuwaiti hostages back to Baghdad .Ten years later 605 hostages are still being held captive as well as tortured. I. Kuwait and Iraqs Geographic History 1.The significance of the location of both countries has been the basis for many disputes between the two countries. Since the smaller country of Kuwait is located within the larger country of Iraq, Iraqs pressure to gain control over Kuwait has steadily increased over the years. 2.Due to the over abundance of oil within Kuwait, it has made the country a high commodity. Because Kuwait is a main source of oil for a majority of the country, control of the territory would mean a boost in the countries economy. 1.The continued imprisonment of Desert Storm POWs, is a violation of human rights as well as the Geneva Code that states that prisoners of war must be released upon the dissolution of the war. Saddam currently denies the allegations of Kuwaiti prisoners being held within his country yet refuses to let inspectors in to investigate the situation. It is believed that Saddam is holding the prisoners as a winning card against Kuwait, in trying to control of the territory. ...

Emerging Issue assignment- new global initiative Essay

Emerging Issue assignment- new global initiative - Essay Example This stresses the fact that the magnificent diversity of cultures should not be a constraint for maintaining the relationship as one human family and one Earth community with common destiny. The main aim of The Earth Charter has been purported ‘to bring forth a sustainable global society founded on respect for nature, universal human rights, economic justice, and a culture of peace’ (Preamble). Therefore, it is quite evident that The Earth Charter stands for protecting the mother Earth, based on the concept, Earth our home. The Earth Charter Commission, in the first four paragraphs of The Earth Charter, brings our attention to the core issue by making us aware of man’s interdependence on nature. The first paragraph entitled as ‘Earth Our Home’ rightly observes this interrelationship when it writes thus, ‘The resilience of the community of life and the well-being of humanity depend upon preserving a healthy biosphere with all its ecological syste ms, a rich variety of plants and animals, fertile soils, pure waters, and clean air.’ (Earth Our Home). This establishes the strong bond between man and nature, and also reminds the reality that human wants are unlimited but the environment or the resources of nature are limited. Therefore, one should keep in mind that the ‘protection of Earth's vitality, diversity, and beauty is a sacred trust.’ (Earth Our Home). One should also be aware of the present global situation described under the title The Global Situation. Here the Charter identifies the main factors causing for environmental devastation, namely, ‘production and consumption’ which may in time lead to ‘the depletion of resources, and a massive extinction of species’ (The Global situation). Other problems identified are the ‘unprecedented rise in human population’ and the basic difference between the rich and the poor, the grave issue that denies the benefits of dev elopment. Another severe problem affecting the ecological and sociological systems has been identified as the uncontrollable population growth. The Earth Charter identifies that ‘Fundamental changes are needed in our values, institutions, and ways of living’ (The challenges ahead) to keep up the stability of Earth. The Earth Commission also envisages that if we are ready to show the sense of universal responsibility, that is, ‘We are at once citizens of different nations and of one world in which the local and global are linked’ (Universal responsibility), we can certainly protect the Earth from anymore harm. Therefore, The Earth Charter proposes 16 interdependent principles assuring a sustainable life. The principles have been arranged under four main headings, namely, ‘Respect and care for the community of life’, ‘Ecological Integrity’, ‘Social and Economic Justice’ and ‘Democracy, Nonviolence, and Peace.â€⠄¢ Each heading discusses another four points and sub points narrating the core subject. The title ‘Respect and care for the community of life’ focuses on the necessity of showing respect to every form of life regardless of its worth to human beings. This principle also warns against man’s exploitation of the environment without considering the reality, resources and limited and to avoid environmental harm. The third principle speaks of building democratic societies that are just,

Run to win marathon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Run to win marathon - Essay Example Run to win is a half marathon planned for sports men. A half marathon is the longest running event that is for experienced runners. This race is on 21 km or 13.1 miles. It is called a half marathon because it is half the distance of a marathon and is run on the road.The distance is challenging but it does not require the extensive training one has to go under in a marathon. Some places the half marathon is also known as 21k. Usually people tend to start with a half marathon and then take up the challenge of a marathon. (Dostoc, 2011)This physical and mentally demanding excursion requires a lot of training and proper preparation if being attempted for the first time. Proposed Date: 12 February 2012 Location: --- Time: 8 am-2 pm Event Objectives Primary Objective To ensure that top major athletes attend this half marathon on 12 February 2012 and make this event a major success. This will be achieved by inviting the athletes personally by telephone and personal invitation and making sur e the event is well attended and proper coverage is provided. (Smart Plan, 2011) To achieve coverage, the management will make sure that the proper authorities are notified and that word gets out and the respective media makes the event a smashing success. In short to make sure that the even brings in top people and proper coverage is provided to them. Financial Objective The financial objective of this event is to gain enough sponsors to support the financial cost of this event and churn out a profit if possible. The prize money is such to entice top athletes so that the event becomes a successful one and draws in big crowds. As its both open to males and females thus it would be only fair if the prize money is awarded to both the top contestants and runner ups in both the gender. It is decided thus to either breakeven or to run into a profit which would thus lead into further event planning generation. The prize money for the winner could be settled at $2000 followed by $1500 for the second runner up and $500 for the third runner up. All these figures are estimation and a minimum figure is thus provided and is not final. These values are both for males and females separately. (Dostoc, 2011) Event Details The event is aimed at the young and upcoming athletes along with the mixture of some top class professionals to make the competition exciting. This is done to let the young and upcoming athletes to show case their sportsmanship and talent and with a desire to win the prize money, the event sure is to draw a lot of attention and competitors from all around the country. Also with the event being a prominent one the outreach would be huge because of the media coverage that would be present before and during this event. Activities The race being the main event and activity itself is not the only main attraction of the event. To make this event a more bigger and better success, I decided to put in some extra events so that not only the athletes and racers could p articipate but also the general audience or the spectators of this exhilarating race could take some interest too besides watching. Included is a costume contest competition, during the race there are some tricky fun obstacles to make the race more interesting and challenging. Also to make it sort of more exciting the audience gets a chance to enter into a lucky draw that sort of works on the ranking of the racers in the events. (Active Network, 2011) Promotion The promotion of this event is a must and thus needs to be on an extensive scale so that majority of the people are made aware of this event and are thus attracted towards it leading it to make it a success. The most likely options include that of social networking and social media, chiefly Facebook, twitter, MySpace, Google plus and the likes. (Goshen, 2010) Social media penetration would guarantee a lot of exposure and platform but is not enough, so poster, word of mouth leaflets and such conventional and popular mediums wo uld also be favoured too. The cost for these would raise

Evaluating the Impact of Zero Tolerance Policing Essay

Evaluating the Impact of Zero Tolerance Policing - Essay Example Attention will be given to what zero tolerance policing encompasses and the theoretical context underlining the topic. The project will also touch upon the several aspects where the strategy is acclaimed, for instance the first application in New York, United States and its effectiveness in reducing crimes, also the approach widespread to the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, in order to, effectively discuss the impact of the approach if it is implemented by the Metropolis Police Service, questionable results of its application in New York and other relevant areas will be discussed. Presented will be a critical review on the effectiveness of the Zero Tolerance Policing using the available research and literature guide, also a theoretical framework behind the project. Concluding will be a recommendation given through a comprehensive study of the evidence collected through the methodological choices made and the data analysis techniques selected on the impact the approach will have to the city of Metropolis once it is implemented by the police service. The discussion on the impact of Zero Tolerance Policing is essential due to the rising concern of whom the approach specifically targets as a crime reduction strategy, specifically focusing on the underclass and the minorities in the society that has deteriorated community relations and has contributed to mistrust towards the police. Moreover, there are deep concerns that the approach fails to address underlying causes of crime that makes it essentially counterproductive in regard to a crime reduction strategy. Therefore, to address some of these issues, the projects will aim at addressing several case studies of Police departments that have implemented the strategy and the outcome they got, in an effort of evaluating the impact Zero Tolerance Policing it will have to the society once Metropolis Police Service implement the strategy.

The Structure Of The Travel And Tourism Industry Tourism Essay

The Structure Of The Travel And Tourism Industry Tourism Essay Travel and tourism is one of the most vibrant and largest industries that extend ample job opportunities for individuals with the appropriate skills, understanding and attitude (Driver 2001). This industry has now explicated into one of the worlds most significant industries. This industry is one of the significant developing sectors of the UK economy (Costa 1995, p. 12). It has developed speedily since the Second World War and now has become one of the globes largest industries. UK travel and tourism industry employs more than 2.1 million people that evidence its importance for the country. The industry serves customers with an extensive range of products, services and facilities according to their specific needs. The industry operates in a specific manner that is essential to understand before entering it (Knowles, Teixeira Egan 2003, p. 47). The industrys significance can be understood with its efforts in terms of Visitbritain that is Britains national tourism agency, accountable for marketing Britain overseas (Coulter 2003, p. 20). This agency works with thousands of UK and overseas organizations, to market Britain effectively to visitors from all over world. It basically works for promoting UK tourism industry. This module is designed in a way that will assist in investigating the UK travel and tourism industry. It will enhance our knowledge towards the travel and tourism industry suppliers that include tour operators, travel agent, accommodation and transport organization (Costa 1995, p. 12). Throughout this industry analysis that will be taken here, it will become easy to recognize the structure of the travel and tourism industry, acknowledge the main industry suppliers and the process used by them to distribute their products. Here, the different components of the industry will be studied along with the discussion of their interrelation. As well, this paper will also assist in exploring different travel and tourism organisations of the industry from government and private sectors. The industry evaluation will also assist in learning about the latest industry developments and their affect on present industry position. Industry investigation will be completed in two parts. In first part of the paper an education information section of website will be developed that will illustrate the structure of the travel and tourism industry. In the second part of the paper, a travel or tourism organization will be selected to evaluate its functioning. This in turn will be completed with the help of developing an illustrated case study for a forthcoming special feature of online travel and tourism trade newspaper. This case study will help in identifying the specific functions of selected travel or tourism organization. In this way, this comprehensive model will assist in identifying UK travel and tourism industry structure and functioning. The Structure of the Travel and Tourism Industry Structure of UK travel tourism industry can be understood effectively by understanding its different aspects, components and functions. For understanding industry structure it is essential to evaluate its each and every aspect from suppliers to customers that can be done by assessing its different aspects individually (Costa 1995, p. 13). Meaning of Travel and Tourism Find a single definition of travel and tourism is not easy with which everyone agrees. Travel is movement of individuals from one place to another with the help of different types of transport whereas tourism embraces the all inclusive process of people visiting diverse destinations for a number of reasons along with industry support (Moutinho 2000). Although one thing on which everyone agrees is that travel and tourism is a big business and the industry generates significant profit. Travel and tourism is also a constituent of leisure as all of us go for holidays or visits throughout our leisure time (Thrift Walling 2000, p. 97). In accordance to the World Tourism Organisation, tourism is the momentary, short-term movement of individuals to places outside and inside their domestic locations, where they usually live and work (The Travel and Tourism Industry n.d.). Tourism involves movement of individuals for all kinds of reasons and their activities throughout their visits. These definitions evidence that who is tourists: People who are far from their home or residence. People who are on a temporary or short-term visit like holidays (Goodall 1997, p. 243). Individuals who are allied with travel and tourism activities. Overnight or day visit in leisure time. Trip related to business or visiting friends or relatives (Moutinho 2000). The main types of tourism in the UK industry are domestic tourism, incoming or inbound tourism or outbound tourism. Domestic Tourism: It is when individuals take holidays, short breaks and day trips in their own country. In the year 2000, overall 174.5 million trips were made by British people, within the UK (Jessica 2003). Incoming/Inbound Tourism: This type of tourism is related to international tourism when other country people are entering the UK. In 2000, overall 25.2 million overseas visitors came in UK with different intents (The Travel and Tourism Industry n.d.). Outbound Tourism: Outbound tourism pertains to when individuals travel away from their home country to visit some other international countries for holiday or business activities (Ward 2002, p. 41). The prominent industry suppliers are travel agents, tour operators and accommodation providers. All types of tourism are managed with the help of industrys suppliers and distributors (Moutinho 2000). Differences between the Three Economic Sectors The UK travel and Tourism industry is classified in three economic sectors: Public Sector: This economic sector of the industry provides services for public and it is collectively paid through government. For the effective operation of this sector, elected bodies like local council and Parliament are responsible. Most of the public services provided are non-profit making (Jessica 2003). Services offered through this sector involves museums and art galleries, youth and community centres, leisure clubs, public halls, playing fields, catering services, information centres, libraries etc. Visit Britain, DCMS, FCO, Regional Development Agencies and English Heritage are some of the examples of public sector tourism organizations (Rowe Smith 2002). Private Sector: The private sector of tourism industry includes diverse commercial operators managed by different individuals and companies. The substantial aim of these individuals and companies is to generate profits by offering different travel and tourism services and products to customers (Moutinho 2000). The significant private sector activities in regard to travel and tourism are in the domains of retail sales, entertainment, catering and accommodation, travel services and tourism. In modern era, number of private travel and tourism organizations operate in UK like Rank, Granada, Ladbrokes, Thomas Cook and Virgin (The Travel and Tourism Industry n.d.). These private sector organizations serve customers with facilities like travel agencies, theme parks, golf course, health and leisure clubs, restaurants and hotels (BDO Hospitality Consulting 1996, p. 8). Voluntary Sector: Organizations that belong to voluntary sector are directed and operated by volunteers. It includes non-profit making or charitable organizations such as travel or local sport clubs. These types of organizations provide some financial advantage to the industry in the form of rate and VAT relief and relief from income tax on investments (The Travel and Tourism Industry n.d.). Some of this sector organizations that file as charities are required to fulfil some specific conditions like they should operate with objectives like charity, non-profit making and advancement of education and sports. They need to operate with an objective to satisfy community in terms of benefits. In UK there are more than 200 national voluntary travel and tourism groups that embrace youth and community groups, touring groups, conservation groups, social sports clubs, heritage groups etc. Travel and Tourism Chain of Distribution The chain of distribution is a technique of offering products to the end consumers. It is applicable in each industry and subsequent is its traditional form: Producer Manufacturer Wholesaler Retailer Consumer The Traditional Chain of Distribution Usually, a manufacturer delivers its product or service to its consumer through wholesaler and retailer but it is not the case with travel and tourism industry (Moutinho 2000). In travel and tourism industry also a chain of distribution is followed that is as follows: Principals i.e. hotels, airlines and other transport companies Tour Operators Travel Agencies Consumers Travel and Tourism Traditional Chain of Distribution In travel tourism industry, traditional chain of distribution fit precisely into a class, for instance travel agent who performs specific business role. Although the industry is much more complex than this and in several instances the traditional chain (Rowe Smith 2002) has been contracted as follows: Principle Internet Consumer Principle Tour Operator Call centre Consumer Principle Tour Operator Television Consumer Principle Call centre Consumer These are some of the distribution channels used by UK travel and tour companies. As well, companies also not strictly follow one line of business because they used to buy or merge with other kinds of businesses. Tour operators now have bought or created airlines, travel agencies and hotels (BDO Hospitality Consulting 1996, p. 8). This is done for attaining significant commercial growth and market position. This buying or merger process by UK travel and tourism companies is recognized as vertical and horizontal integration (Rowe Smith 2002). The UK travel and tourism chain of distribution demonstrates that companies own the entire diverse component in the distribution chain and are able to manage the overall operation. This is done by UK travel and tourism organizations for attaining economies of scale and serving its customers with much more better prices (The Travel and Tourism Industry n.d.). The distinctive distribution chain of UK travel and tourism firms represents that smaller operators serve with high pressure and if they dont try to operate at large scale will be forced to leave the industry (Rowe Smith 2002). Vertical and Horizontal Integration Vertical Integration: Vertical integration takes place when two firms from different levels merge or are bought in the chain of distribution (Moutinho 2000). This may be a backward integration such as a tour operator purchases a hotel, or forward integration like a tour operator purchases a travel agency. One of the substantial examples of vertical integration in UK is of First Choice Holidays plc. It possesses several tour operating for example First Choice Holidays and Sovereign (Schmidt 2008). As well, it also has its own travel agencies chain in UK operated under the First Choice Travel Shops and First Choice Holiday Hypermarkets names. Additionally, it also has its own charter airline First Choice Airways (Rowe Smith 2002). This type of integration done by companies is known as vertical integration in which a company possesses companies at different levels of distribution chain. The well known multiple agencies of UK are owned by a key tour operator. Going Places is a substantial element of the MyTravel Group and Thomson Travel Shops are possessed by Thomson (The Travel and Tourism Industry n.d.). Horizontal Integration: When a company possesses or manages other business at the same level of distribution chain is known as horizontal integration such as takeover of a small independent hotel by a major hotel group or takeover of a small travel agency by a big travel agency (Moutinho 2000). In UK recently a merger has taken place between Thomas Cook and MyTravel tour operators. In UK, horizontal integration is very common in the hotels sector and it is done with a motive of attaining economies of scale by assuring the functioning and marketing of extensive number of individual hotels (The Travel and Tourism Industry n.d.). Most of the UK travel and tour companies are integrated vertically and horizontally and it is done to strengthen their present and future market position (Rodgers 2001). Impact of Vertical and Horizontal Integration on Customer Choice Vertical and Horizontal integration, significantly affects customer choice as with the customer become able in purchasing a whole package at reasonable price in spite of purchasing different services at high price (Moutinho 2000). With vertical integration, it becomes easy for customer to make long-term relations with a firm as it will offer all kinds of products and services to its customers due to its presence in different business in different level of distribution chain (Rodgers 2001). On the other hand, horizontal integration also strengthens company position and they serve their customers in a much more effective manner with additional services at wholesome price package (The Travel and Tourism Industry n.d.). In this way, it can be said that integration whether it is vertical or horizontal is beneficial for customer as it facilitates customers with more choices. With integration, industry players get more dominant and become better able to offer its customers with more choice at moderate prices and packages (The Travel and Tourism Industry n.d.). Tour Operators and Travel Agents A tour operator covers a holiday package that includes: Travel mode (road, rail, air or sea) Accommodation facilities through hotels, self catering villas, guest houses etc. Travel agencies that provide transfer facilities to customers such as car hire and excursions (The Travel and Tourism Industry n.d.). The significant role of tour operators is to aggregate the diverse component that develop a holiday and put it for sale to consumers as packages. They are responsible for making contracts and associations with hotels, airline companies and transport companies to make an attractive package (Moutinho 2000). In UK, there are approximate 600 tour operators in which most of them are small companies that specialize in specific destinations or type of services. All tour operators of UK can be classified into following four categories: Mass-market operators: These tour operators sell holidays in high volume and it includes some of the well-known key players of industry like Thomson (TUI), MyTravel, Thomas Cook and First Choice Holidays (Middleton Lickorish 2007). Specialist operators: These operators are not as well-known as mass-market operators. In UK, there are number of specialist tour operators that provide customers with holidays and short breaks to Rome, Amazon adventure tours, Italy etc. These types of operators are becoming more popular due to its offering of individuals type of experience. Well-known specialist UK tour operator is Super-break (Investigating Travel and Tourism, n.d.) Domestic Operators: These operators design holiday packages for the home market. The well-known domestic operators are coach operators like WA Shearings and National Holidays. Both of these offer valuable products to older age groups (The Travel and Tourism Industry n.d.). Incoming tour Operators: These tour operators provide holidays and travel products for abroad visitors to Britain. Some operate from international locations where customers are and some operate from UK (Middleton Lickorish 2007). Some of the well known incoming tour operators are Gullivers Sports Travel, Pathfinders and Evan Evans Tours. All of these offer all inclusive package tours of the UK that are sold through international travel agents. Travel Agents Travel agents offer outgoing, incoming and domestic tourists with extensive leisure and business travel products and services (Middleton Lickorish 2007). In UK there are around 7000 travel agencies that are members of the Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA). In UK, there are different types of travel agencies that include multiple, independent, maniple, e-agent and holiday hypermarkets. Travel agents work as a link among customers and tour operators and other principles like airlines and hotels (Investigating Travel and Tourism, n.d.) Before purchasing a holiday package visitors go to travel agents for suggestions, bookings and better services. Travel agents are responsible for ensuring that they are serving a customer with right and appropriate holiday or travel service. They also offer customers with coach, flight, rail or ferry bookings, specialist services and independent travel arrangements. Scheduled and Chartered Air Transport Scheduled Air Transport refers to the services that operate with a published timetable, on specified routes and with government licence. These services does not get affected by the number of passengers and due to this, it is generally used by business travellers as they are also ready to pay premium price for their comfort and convenience (Middleton Lickorish 2007). In UK, budget, low-cost or no frills airlines, provide scheduled services on various domestic and global routes at low prices. One of the significant advantages of this transport is this that it is regular and provides scheduled flights to customers. It offers customers with seats in different classes according to their suitability (Rowe Smith 2002). In addition to these advantages, one of the substantial disadvantage of schedules air transport is this that it does not offer flexibility to visitors as it operates in scheduled manner and is not affected with any factor. Chartered air transport refers to the services that are associated to the package holiday industry, in which tour operators make a contract with an airline for a distinctive route for a period. Some major UK tour operators possess their own airlines and due to this the sales of charter flights is declining (Investigating Travel and Tourism, n.d.). Major charter air transport services of UK are Monarch, Thomas Cook and MyTravel (Rowe Smith 2002). Charter air transport provides its customers with an advantage in terms of flights on reasonable price for specific purposes. These are provided by tour operators that assist customers in developing long-term relations. In addition to these advantages it also has a disadvantage that it does not serves its customers with flexibility as blocks of seats or whole flight is booked. Relationship and Links between Travel and Tourism Organizations In UK, almost all travel and tourism organisations work with link-up or associations in some or other way. In present almost all people travel for some purposes that may be adventure, business personal or holiday that is managed by tourism business of the country. Travel is done through different transportation facilities and it requires accommodations facilities that are provided by tourism organizations (Middleton Lickorish 2007). There is a relationship between travel and tourism and due to this all tourism organizations offers different facilities for travellers. Both of these types of organizations work together due to the similarity of their fields and business operations. The relationship between travel and tourism organizations can also be understood with the help of recent developments that pertains to increase in individuals travelling with diverse reasons. Nowadays customers prefer to buy a wholesome holiday package that serves them with all travel and tourism facilities (Rowe Smith 2002). Due to changes in customers preferences and demands, links between travel and tourism organizations has strengthened. All these aspects of UK travel and tourism industry demonstrates its structure and pattern of operations. If a company wants to operate successfully in UK travel and tourism industry it has to go through all the above discussed aspects and patterns. UK travel and tourism industry chain of distribution is different from traditional distribution chain that is essential to understand for attaining assured business success. Functioning of a Travel and Tourism Organization Subsequent to the discussion of UK travel and tourism industry structure, it becomes evident that there is a substantial relationship between countrys travel and tourism organizations and its distribution chain different from other industries. The pattern of business in UK travel and tourism industry is different from other countrys industry and it is essential to be understood for entering it successfully (Pender Sharpley 2005). The industry structure provides information of all essential components of the industry but for understanding it in more detail here, an individual organization will be evaluated that is Virgin Atlantic. It is a British airline company (Waugh 2000). The company functioning will be understand be developing a case study so it can enhance readers understanding. Virgin Atlantic Case Study Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited is also known as Virgin Atlantic. It is a British airline and functions between the United Kingdom and North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Australia. This UK airline is a well-known scheduled airline. The company operates with a CAA Type A Operating Licence to take passengers, cargo, and mail on plane with approximate 20 seats (Dickinson 2009). The company was founded in 1982 and in present it has become Britains second largest carrier that serves worlds 30 major cities, as well as New York, Washington D.C., Boston, Chicago, San Francisco, Sydney, Miami, Dubai, Los Angeles, Johannesburg, Hong Kong, and Tokyo from its bases that are at Londons Heathrow and Gatwick Airports. The company has enjoyed significant popularity and recognition all around the world due to its business operations. The Virgin airline has initiated number of innovations that had built new service standards that other industry players also followed (Rowe Smith 2002). In spite of its substantial growth its service still remains customer driven with a prominence on value for money, excellence, fun and improvement. The company functioning can be understood effectively with the help of subsequent aspects of its functioning: Ownership: The company is a British airline specifically situated in London. It is owned by Sir Richard Bransons Virgin Group and Singapore Airlines. Both the company holds 51% and 49% shares respectively. It was established in the year 1982 by Randolph Fields who was from America and was a lawyer, and Alan Hellary, who was a former chief pilot for Laker Airways (Dickinson 2009). In 1982, it was established as British Atlantic Airways and since 1984, it has been operating as Virgin Atlantic. The airline offers its customers with three class system that are Economy, Premium Economy and Upper class (Rowe Smith 2002). Aims and Objectives: The company operates with subsequent aims and objectives: Operate with the basic foundations that are safety, security and consistent delivery. Serve customers with quality service and value for money. Concentrate on the business and leisure markets and drive competence and effectualness. Operate with simplicity and in a way that love to fly. Become a growing and profitable organization (Dickinson 2009). Always challenge the ordinary and push airline innovation to serve passengers with something special and different. The company works in a direction to attain continuous specialization in range of innovations. The company works for creating a virtual contact centre network for serving customers all around the world with consistent, well-organized, effective and transparent services (Pender Sharpley 2005). Establish a global view of business for developing an ability to control al business operations. Create a flexible workforce and schedule people around skills and altering work demands (Dickinson 2009). Develop a business process that assist in managing all up and down business situations. Product Range: From the time of its initiation, the company is operating with diversification strategy. In present, the company operates long haul services and it provides customers with aircrafts, clubs and several other products. It offers flights between different cities of the world for assisting customers in their travelling (Dickinson 2009). The company has also brought in a strand of firsts admitting individual seat-back televisions for all economy passengers. As well, it also serves customers with automatic defibrillators. It also serves its upper class customers with limousine pick-up and Drive-Thru check-in (Bamber, Gittell Kochan 2009). Virgin Atlantic also operates with Clubhouses and Virgin lounges at its several destinations. The Virgin Clubhouses are intentionally planned to challenge the traditional airline industry patterns and for creating a different and unique travelling environment (Singh 2008). In the year 2003, the company launched its Upper Class Suite product that involved a falling back leather seat for takeoff, a well-designed sitting and eating place, fully flat bed and proper mattress for sleeping. As well, it also includes a private on-board bar at where customers can drink with their friends and a personal massage room. All these products are offered at reasonable price that others airline companies offer only to their first class customers. Services: All aircrafts of Virgin Atlantic aircraft operate with three-class configuration that is Economy, Premium Economy, and Upper Class cabins. Economy class is the standard coach class and serves customers with basic amenities (Dickinson 2009). Premium Economy class has its own different check-in area, a much more comfortable seat and legroom with much more amenities. This class passenger is also provided with laptop power supplies. The upper class is for business class and has all facilities. This class seat is fully flat bed and it also serves customers with seat power leads. In addition to this service, all Virgin Atlantic aircraft provide customers with personal seat-back televisions that furnish then with lots of entertainment channels. Most of company aircrafts also have an Audio/Video on Demand (AVOD) system. The company also have service of Frequent Flyer Programme, which benefit customers according to their use of Virgin aircraft for travelling again and again. Virgin Atlantic also provide some other additional services like the Freedom meal service, in-flight beauty therapy service, arrival lounges, flying clubs etc. Distribution Method: The company is established by making use of its own course within a model coherent with asserting the corporations image of customer friendliness, fair dealing and relative ease (Robinson 2009). The company remains concentrated on the UK markets and its business has explicated with the help of additional product and services (Dickinson 2009). The company make use of above distribution methods that precisely with airline products and services that are offered through tour operators and travel agents. From its initiation, its distribution methods had altered number of times and it is getting contracted day by day. Virgin Atlantic, serve its customers in a more and unique way. Pricing Policy: Price is a key element of airline strategy and it need to be agreed by targeted customers. It should be in a way that reflects companys other marketing mix elements also (Pender Sharpley 2005). Virgin Atlantic serves its customers with number of products at different price levels and with different pricing strategies. Its business segment is served with higher price whereas its economic class is served with low price (Singh 2008). For its different customers, the company make use of different pricing strategies like price skimming, penetration pricing, marginal pricing and promotional pricing. All these pricing strategies are used by customers for serving different types of customers and their different needs (Eccles Costa 1996, p. 49). The company pricing strategy is designed in a way that tries to offer superior service by undercutting competitors prices (Driver 1999, P. 136). Marketing Activities (Promotional Activities): The company make use of different marketing activities for promoting its products and services in the UK travel and tourism industry. The company had made use of different marketing mix elements that are also apparent in its vision and mission strategy. In addition to this, for promoting its products and services, the company make use of different advertising strategies and channels of media (Eccles Costa 1996, p. 47). The company had launched different services that all are promoted in different ways and through print and television. In addition to this, it also makes use of different advertising campaigns and promotional offers for its customers so that they can be driven towards Virgin Atlantic craft services (Robinson 2009). Regulatory and Licensing Requirements: The company is an airline company and before initiating any of its operations it has to attain support and approval from several national regulatory bodies or firms. The first regulatory body is the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) that governs the UK aviation sector. All airline companies services are regulated by CAA so that a diverse and competitive industry environment can be encouraged in the country (Driver 2001). Other substantial regulatory bodies from which approval is essential are the Air Transport Users Council and National Air Traffic Services. These authorities have altered traditional aviation laws and it had assisted companies in their old licensing laws (Pender Sharpley 2005). Membership of Associations with Benefits: Virgin Atlantic operates by associating with different associations as it provides the company with several benefits like market dominance, competitive advantage, environment-friendly image etc (Zeithaml, Bitner Gremler 2005). The company has an association with the Tourism Review and Implementation Group that was developed in 2004. This association has members from different fields like tourism, public sector and education. In addition to this, the company also operate with number of other associations that strengthen companys image in the mind of its domestic as well as international customers. Relationship with other Travel and Tourism Organizations: From its initiation, Virgin Atlantic has developed strong relationships with other travel and tourism organizations as it has tie ups with number of hotels, tour operators and travel agents that promotes both the companies. The company long-established success is the result of its effective relationships with other travel and tourism companies (Balmforth 2009). The company promotes its products and service by making contracts with tour operators that provide all-inclusive holiday packages to their customers. As well it also operates by associating

My medicine, work: thus credulous fools are caught Essay

How has Iago made his â€Å"medicine, work† on Othello. This essay is to discuss the tribes and tribulations of Iago; how he has brainwashed Othello and caused devastation to many people throughout the text, such as Othello, Desdemona, Cassio and Emillia. I am going to discuss points such as why Iago was so dishonest to Othello; why he caused Othello and Desdemona so much pain and why he didn’t have no love or care for any woman including his wife Emillia. Iago is a very bitter person who wants to make Othello miserable. Reasons for this are simple: Iago is a racist who dislikes black people; he wants Othello’s title/position, as Othello is a high- ranking member of the Venetian army; he loves and wants Desdemona for his wife. However, this last reason is unlikely. Throughout the play, Iago refers to women in a sexist way; at the end of the play, he stabs his wife Emilia to death. Obviously he is a man incapable of love. Throughout the play, Iago constantly refers to women in derogatory terms. For example, he says in Act two, Scene one, † †¦ you are pictures out of doors, bells in your parlours, wild-cats in your kitchens, saints in your injuries, devils being offended, players in your housewifery, and housewives in your beds.† In this quote Iago is being very prejudice and sexist towards female. He has no respect and dignity for women especially his wife Emillia. Iago intends to make Othello miserable by telling him that Desdemona is having an affair with Michael Cassio. He will, to an extent, brainwash Othello, also causing trouble for other characters, namely Cassio, Emilia, Desdemona and Roderigo. Iago doesn’t care who he hurts in the process of all this. He is there to cause pain and hurt all round so he gets his own way. There are many reasons as to why Iago is like this, such as: he has emotional feelings for Desdemona; he is jealous of Othello, etc. Iago begins to make Othello suspicious by dropping hints about Cassio, which leads Othello to find out what’s on Iago’s mind. Act two, Scene one: â€Å"That Cassio loves her, I do well believe’t â€Å" Here Iago starts to say blatantly to Othello that he is sure Cassio has feelings for Desdemona. Again Iago carries on with his poison talk to brainwash Othello. Making him into thinking such things about Cassio and Desdemona. Iago begins to start repeating what Othello says which causes Othello to convince himself that Desdemona has been unfaithful. Reasons why Iago is being like this could be that Brabantio is still angry with Othello for marrying his daughter without consent. Brabantio was then murdered. This is very unlikely though. Mainly the reason being the type of person Iago is. He is very cruel and envious person who lets his jealously overcomes him. Iago continues to seem reluctant to reveal what he claims he knows about Desdemona and Cassio. This just proves how intelligent and scheming Iago is. He strongly defends the importance of a man or woman’s reputation, and warns Othello to beware of jealously. Act two Scene one â€Å"At least into a jealousy so strong†¦judgement cannot cure† This quote is from Iago forwarding jealousy towards Othello again using his poison to brainwash Othello. Maybe Iago’s poison works so well on Othello that he actually understands and feels the feelings Iago are feeling himself. Now all of what Iago has been telling Othello has been pure lies. Iago is so corruptive and scheming that he falls into his own trap when Othello attacks him. â€Å"To say my wife is fair, feeds well, loves company, is free of speech, sings, plays, and dances well: Where virtue is, these are more virtuous.† Act three Scene three. This quote tells us Othello finds that being unfaithful to him is the worse thing she can do to him. So really this is perhaps his reason for acting the way he does. Later Othello says â€Å"No, Iago, I’ll see before I doubt; when I doubt; prove; And on the proof, there is no more but this; away at on once with love or jealously!† This quote to Iago basically is trying to tell Iago if you prove to me that Desdemona has been unfaithful then I will believe you! Why doesn’t he just ask Desdemona himself? So here Othello assures Iago he’s not a jealous man. He says he’s confident of his wife’s virtue. Iago warns him to watch Desdemona with Cassio; she is capable of deception. Iago now tells Othello that he has seen Cassio with Desdemona’s strawberry handkerchief. This was true but wasn’t intended by Cassio. It was placed on his love’s shoulder while she was asleep and then Cassio took it. Othello saw Cassio using it and thought immediately that Desdemona was being unfaithful and deceitful to him. â€Å"Have you not sometimes seen a handkerchief spotted with strawberries in your wife’s hand?† Act three Scene three. This Quote then starts to build up the tension between Iago and Othello because Iago is being honest and truthful but not for long. The significance of the handkerchief is that Othello was handed it to him form his Great Grandmother when she die. Othello then gave it to Desdemona as a token of his love for her. That is why it is so important. Next Othello says the following: â€Å"I know not that; but such a handkerchief – I am sure it was your wife’s- did I today see Cassio wipe his beard with.† Scene three Act three. This quote then suggests that Desdemona has given it to or left it in Cassio’s presence. So now Iago claims that Cassio has Desdemona’s handkerchief. Othello fills with anger and hatred as this is not what he wants or expects of Desdemona and he isn’t happy with the he has to find out. Othello is overcome with jealous grief and vows revenge. To Iago’s call of patience, Othello replies his murderous thoughts will never change. Othello is a black man who is high up in the Venetian army. At the beginning of the play we are given the impression that Othello has robbed Iago of his title. Act one Scene one â€Å"Off-capped to him; and by the faith of a man, I know my price†¦worth no worse a place† This quote shows how Iago feels like he has been robbed of his title by Othello. Iago wanted to be higher then anyone because he is a very manipulative and vindictive person. Othello marries Desdemona without Brabantio’s knowledge and consent, which causes uproar. Iago suggests a way of taking revenge against Othello. They shout in the street outside Brabantio’s house and tell him the news that he has been robbed. This then plots the play for what is going to happen. Iago will deceive Othello and do his best to cause trouble for Othello. So then he can rob him of his title. Iago is angry about failing to gain the promotion that has gone instead to Cassio. Iago, pretending to be Othello’s faithful supporter, warns Othello that Brabantio will attempt to break up the marriage. Othello is confident that his service to Venice and his noble descant will make all well. I think that Iago was a very bitter and cruel man. He had no love for no one but himself and was bitterly jealous of Othello. Othello’s behaviour towards Iago was very vulnerable. Act one Scene two â€Å"As double as the Duke’s. He will divorce you† This quote shows that Iago has to be very intentional by claiming quite blatantly that Desdemona will have nothing to do with you as you didn’t gain any consent or blessing from him to marry his daughter. Othello was also very gullible which didn’t help him disbelieve Iago. I also think that Iago’s jealousy caused so much trouble for people such as Cassio, Desdemona, Roderigo and Emilia. Othello’s behaviour couldn’t be helped because of Iago’s ways of brainwashing him. Iago’s brutal and ruthless actions throughout caused many deaths, at the end, which led to him being injured badly too. Unfortunately due to Iago’s duplicitous ways he caused no end of trouble for Othello and Desdemona’s marriage. Therefore his aggressiveness savaged the lives of Othello, Emilia, Desdemona and Cassio within the play. From this play you can see what jealousy and power can do to so many people by just one deceitful being. Iago didn’t have any emotion and love for anyone but himself. He didn’t get what he wanted so he caused a stink until he won, but in this case Iago’s scheming intentions backfired.

Evolution of the Universe Essay

The evolution of earth will always remain a mystery. However, there is many scenarios and evidence to help understand the evolution of earth, its sun, planets, and the moon. The paper will derscribe how the earth and its atmosphere evolved with the help of other bodies. Which includes a discription of the formation of the bodies that plays a role in the evolution of earth. Also, a discription of the earth, sun, moon, planets, and other bodies motions according to Copernicus, Kepler, and Gallileo discoveries. Evolution: Earth and Its Atmosphere Plate tectonics are the ultimate process that controls the changes on Earth. Dynamic activity like volcanism, meteorite impacts, mountain building, and erosion, is how our Earth has come to its current state, while the continuing motion of the Earth is what’s driving the resurfacing of the Earth resulting in faulting, basin formation, and volcanism. The combination of gravity and the Earth’s internal heat is the driving force for this continuous motion. Earth’s internal heat comes from consistent decay of radioactive elements, crystallization of the inner core, and the heat left-over from planet formation. Recent discoveries suggest that features of current Earth come from the planetary melting and planetary accumulation which involves the differentiation of objects. Mars and the Moon underwent global differentiation which allowed the separation of the core from the mantle and formed large parts of the Earth’s still-existing crust. The atmosphere and oceans first appeared about 4. 5 billion years ago, soon after the Earth and Moon completed their formational phases (Mirali & Skinner, 2009). Oxygen was nearly absent in the atmosphere of the early Earth. The Great Oxygenation Event (GOE), or Great Oxidation, was the biologically induced appearance of free oxygen (O2) in Earth’s atmosphere. Cyanobacteria; a large photosynthetic bacterium, appears approximately 200 million years before the GOE and began to produce oxygen by photosynthesis (Carlson & Boyet, 2008). Cyanbacteria is known to be responsible for the initial rise of atmospheric oxygen during this time. Before the GOE, any free oxygen was chemically captured by dissolved iron or organic matter. After the GOE, any excess free oxygen began to accumulate in the atmosphere. Free oxygen is toxic to anaerobic organisms and the rising concentrations may have been the reason that most of the Earth’s anaerobic inhabitants were wiped out. Oxygen is dominantly locked in minerals in the crust and Earth’s interior and would remain as such if it weren’t for photo synthesizers. Methane and nitrous oxide have been increasing in recent years and a consequence of agricultural activities, and human-induced global warming (Kasing & Siefert, 2002). Thus, microorganisms have led to the basic composition of Earth’s atmosphere since the origin of life. Formation of the Bodies: Motions Role About five billion years ago the galaxy had a supernova explosion causing large elements of debris pushing it through gasses called hydrogen into interstellar particles and dust. By this process of mixture under its own gravity at the center, it compressed together and formed a star of gasses that we see today. This star now became born which is now the sun, which around it a swirl of material compressed as forces for the heat. This process gave rise to our sister planets and throughout the universe. The sun started to grow larger and its energy source also started to ignite its source outward into nuclear fire balls. Within millions of years disks and components started to freeze over into small grains of dust. From this process what was found was silicon, iron, aluminum, magnesium with oxygen that was displayed as clumps and large chunks of rock and boulder. They were so large that they broke apart from their own gravity and disbursed throughout the universe. Planetesimals planets started to grow, from this they were colliding with other bodies, now starting to grow into larger lanets with their form of mass and energy behind them giving them the power to move. In this time in history the sun was only about 2/3’s of the source of power that we have today, meaning the sun is more power today than ever, because of time and energy and mass letting it grow. The process of the large forms of mass rocks grew in time from there silicon, iron, aluminum, magnesium and oxygen with the help of the sun that now grew the planets that we know of today. As all the planets grew in time and formed to what we know them as, they all rotate in a clock ward motion. As the planets move together in the same motion they are creating energy within their centrifugal force, which keeps them in motion and growing with the support of the sun’s energy. Scientist’s Discoveries: Earth, Sun, Moon, Planets, Bodies The motions of the bodies in the universe were explained by several scientists between the 1490’s and the 1700’s. Initially, there was a widely held belief that the Earth was stationary and all of the other bodies revolved around it; this is called a geocentric model (Merali & Skinner, 2009). In the 1490’s however, a scientist named Copernicus began to address the fact that a geocentric model did not explain the movement of the planets. His discoveries began to show that a heliocentric system (sun is stationary, central and the planets revolve around it) was more likely based on noticing that planets temporarily reversed direction (Merali & Skinner, 2009). He surmised that the temporary reversal was because of the differences in time that it takes the Earth to orbit the Sun, versus the time it took for other bodies to orbit the sun (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Copernicus also determined that a body with a larger temporary reversal of direction was closer to earth and a smaller reversal was further away which could be tested by astronomical measurements (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Finally, Copernicus resurrected an old theory that the Earth spins on an axis which explains the rising and setting of the sun (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Copernicus’ discoveries led other scientists to also prove the heliocentric model. In the late 1500’s, Kepler discovered three laws that would bolster Copernicus’ heliocentric model, but would also prove his ideas about the shape of orbits wrong (Merali & Skinner, 2009). First, the Law of Ellipses says that each planets orbit is an ellipse and the sun is one focus (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Next, the Law of Equal Areas determines that the planet’s orbital speeds are not the same and therefore the closer they are to the sun the faster they orbit and alternately, the further from the sun, the slower the orbit (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Lastly, the Law of Orbital Harmony is a mathematical equation that determined that â€Å"the square of the orbital period in years is proportional to the cube of the planet’s average distance from the sun. † (Merali & Skinner, para. 11, 2009). Therefore, the Earth takes 356. 24219 days, or 1 year, to orbit the sun (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Even with these three valuable laws, it was Galileo and Newton who pulled the heliocentric model together. In the late 1600’s Galileo used a telescope to find four moons orbiting Jupiter which proved that Earth could not be at the center of orbital motion (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Galileo also determined that Venus had phases which could only be explained if Venus and Earth orbited the sun (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Finally, Galileo postulated that forces move bodies. Additionally, those bodies will only change direction or stop if influenced by another force and that force works equally on all bodies despite differences in mass (Merali & Skinner, 2009). It was this last concept that inspired Isaac Newton in the same period. Newton determined that if an apple was pulled to the Earth by gravity, then the moon would also be affected by gravity thus discovery that gravity influences all bodies on Earth and in the universe (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Conclusion Modern science will continue to have plenty of unanswered questions. The evolution of earth begins with the plate tectonics process that includes corollaries of mantle convention, contienental drift, seafloor spereading and explains the pattern of volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building. The atmosphere and oceans evolved 4. 5 years ago after the earth and moon completed their formational phases. With the help of Great Oxygenation Event (GOE), photosynthesis, and Cyanobacteria the earth produced oxygen. The formation of bodies occurred five billion years ago when the supernova explosion caused the birth of the sun and other planets. Issac Newton, Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler were very important scientist from the 1490s and the 1700s who made many discoveries about the earth, sun, planets, and other bodies motions.

Effect of Coffee Bean Prices on Starbucks Essays

Effect of Coffee Bean Prices on Starbucks Essays Effect of Coffee Bean Prices on Starbucks Essay Effect of Coffee Bean Prices on Starbucks Essay GM599 Course Project Problem Statement: February 2011, coffee prices hit a 14-year high at $2. This trend is likely to continue for some time as this rising prices according to analysts is primarily due to a combination of the growing demand for different types of coffee and the poor harvests we have had in past years. How should the company position itself against the continuous increase and/or fluctuations in the price of its main raw material? Background: Starbucks is almost synonymous with coffee, although the company offers other beverages and products. The organization prides itself as the premier roaster and retailer of specialty coffee in the world with about 17,000 stores and operating in more than 50 countries worldwide. Coffee is its major raw material and like the competition, the recent price increases have been passed on to an extent to the consumers. Concern: According to the NewYork times, â€Å"In 2008, Starbucks found itself in an economic climate that had most people reassessing their daily spending habits on luxury items. The company’s revenues and profit tumbled as a result. Starbucks was hurt by rising costs, the cannibalizing effects of years of overexpansion, and stiff competition in espresso drinks from the likes of McDonald’s and Dunkin’ Donuts. In the summer of 2007, its customer traffic declined for the first time since the company went public, sending the stock tumbling. By the end of its fiscal 2008, Starbucks stock, once seemingly invincible, had declined by over 50 percent† In other words the company may not be invincible and continuous price increases of its products coupled with stiff competition can affect the company. With 17,000 stores worldwide, growing number of partners (as their employees are referred to ) and stockholders, the failure of the company will have a huge impact on many families and economies. Plan of Study: This paper seeks to recommend ways the company can maintain its consumer base and profitability in the face of these price fluctuations. To achieve this, the research will involve an examination of the coffee industry, major sources of coffee, how prices are determined and factors that drive the process. In addition, the effect of price increases and how it affects Starbucks and its consumers will be examined. Furthermore, the effectiveness of Starbuck’s current strategy on the issue will be considered before recommendations for the future are provided. References http://money. cnn. com/2011/02/18/markets/coffee_price/index. htm http://topics. nytimes. com/top/news/business/companies/starbucks_corporation/index. html http://assets. starbucks. com/assets/aboutuscompanyprofileq12011final13111. pdf

The Broken Window Fallacy

The Broken Window Fallacy If you read the news, you may have noticed that journalists and politicians often like to point out that natural disasters, wars, and other destructive events can boost an economys production because they create demand for rebuilding work. Granted, this may be true in specific cases where resources (labor, capital, etc.) would otherwise have been unemployed, but does it really mean that disasters are economically beneficial? 19th-century political economist Frederic Bastiat offered an answer to such a question in his 1850 essay That Which Is Seen and That Which Is Unseen. (This was, of course, translated from the French Ce quon voit et ce quon ne voit pas.) Bastiats reasoning goes as follows: Â   Have you ever witnessed the anger of the good shopkeeper, James Goodfellow, when his careless son happened to break a pane of glass? If you have been present at such a scene, you will most assuredly bear witness to the fact that every one of the spectators, were there even thirty of them, by common consent apparently, offered the unfortunate owner this invariable consolation- It is an ill wind that blows nobody good. Everybody must live, and what would become of the glaziers if panes of glass were never broken?Now, this form of condolence contains an entire theory, which it will be well to show up in this simple case, seeing that it is precisely the same as that which, unhappily, regulates the greater part of our economical institutions.Suppose it cost six francs to repair the damage, and you say that the accident brings six francs to the glaziers trade- that it encourages that trade to the amount of six francs- I grant it; I have not a word to say against it; you reason justly. The glazier comes, performs his task, receives his six francs, rubs his hands, and, in his heart, blesses the careless child. All this is that which is seen.But if, on the other hand, you come to the conclusion, as is too often the case, that it is a good thing to break windows, that it causes money to circulate, and that the encouragement of industry in general will be the result of it, you will oblige me to call out, Stop there! Your theory is confined to that which is seen; it takes no account of that which is not seen.It is not seen that as our shopkeeper has spent six francs upon one thing, he cannot spend them upon another. It is not seen that if he had not had a window to replace, he would, perhaps, have replaced his old shoes, or added another book to his library. In short, he would have employed his six francs in some way, which this accident has prevented. In this parable, the thirty people telling the shopkeeper that the broken window is a good thing because it keeps the glazier employed are the equivalent of the journalists and politicians who say that natural disasters are actually an economic boon. Bastiats point, on the other hand, is that the economic activity generated for the glazier is only half of the picture, and its, therefore, a mistake to look at the benefit to the glazier in isolation. Instead, a proper analysis considers both the fact that the glaziers business is helped and the fact that the money used to pay the glazier is then not available for some other business activity, whether it be a purchase of a suit, some books, etc. Bastiats point, in a way, is about opportunity cost- unless resources are idle, they must be shifted away from one activity in order to be shifted toward another. One can even extend Bastiats logic to question how much of a net benefit the glazier receives in this scenario. If the glaziers time and energy are finite, then he is likely shifting his resources away from other jobs or pleasurable activities in order to repair the shopkeepers window. The glaziers net benefit is presumably still positive since he chose to fix the window rather than carry on with his other activities, but his well-being is not likely to increase by the full amount that he is paid by the shopkeeper. (Similarly, the suit maker and book sellers resources wont necessarily sit idle, but they will still suffer a loss.) It is quite possible, then, that the economic activity following from the broken window merely represents a somewhat artificial shift from one industry to another rather than an overall increase. Add into that calculation the fact that a perfectly good window got broken, and it becomes clear that its only under very specific circumstances that the broken window could be good for the economy as a whole. So why do people insist on trying to make such a seemingly misguided argument regarding destruction and production? One potential explanation is that they believe that there are resources that are idle in the economy- i.e. that the shopkeeper was hoarding cash under his mattress before the window was broken rather than buying the suit or the books or whatever. While it is true, under these circumstances, that breaking the window would increase production in the short-term, it is a mistake to assume without sufficient evidence that these conditions hold. Furthermore, it would always be still better to convince the shopkeeper to spend his money on something of value without resorting to destroying his property. Interestingly enough, the possibility that a broken window could increase short-run production highlights a secondary point that Bastiat was trying to make with his parable, namely that there is an important distinction between production and wealth. To illustrate this contrast, imagine the world where everything that people want to consume is already in abundant supply- new production would be zero, but its doubtful that anyone would be complaining. On the other hand, a society with no existing capital would likely be working feverishly to make stuff but wouldnt be very happy about it. (Perhaps Bastiat should have written another parable about a guy who says The bad news is that my house got destroyed. The good news is that I now have a job making houses.) In summary, even if breaking the window were to increase production in the short run, the act cannot maximize true economic well-being in the long run simply because it will always be better to not break the window and spend resources making valuable new stuff than it is to break the window and spend those same resources replacing something that already existed.

The main EU regulatory to the financial crisis Essay

The main EU regulatory to the financial crisis - Essay Example The German government and regulators in the finance industry requested the European Commission to bail them out within six months after the crisis began. The bailout of 9 billion Euros was granted and was directed at the IKB German Bank (Grote, & Marauhn, 2006). Furthermore, the governments of other member countries of the European Union pumped in capital within their financial institutions. Examples included the Northern Rock bank located in the United Kingdom. The fast pace of the spread of the financial crisis was not unexpected since most of the securitized United States debt was originated for distribution to European investors and institutions. To this end, the financial crisis that affected the European Union is blamed on the business model of â€Å"originate-to-distribute† that is synonymous with U.S banks (Mattoo & SauveÃŒ , 2003). Evidently, the large international financial institution adopted this model which allowed the institutions to increase their lending powe r without disrupting the set capital standards by regulators. Moreover, this model created instruments such as credit default swaps, mortgages guaranteed by securities, and debt obligation that was collateralized. In this regard, such instruments played a part in exploiting weaknesses evident in financial regulatory structures. In addition, under-written mortgages and securities, insufficient coordination within national regulatory bodies, and regulatory arbitrage by the regulators all played a role in undermining the regulatory structures.

Global & International Business Contexts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

Global & International Business Contexts - Essay Example etailers of the world, one can find that the company has more than 2,300 supermarkets & convenience stores and has employee strength of 326,000 people. Tesco’s main business is located in Great Britain, where it is the largest private sector business house in United Kingdom and also has the largest food retail business, has more about 1,900 stores (Tesco, n.d.). In continental part of Europe, Tesco have businesses in Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, the Republic of Ireland, Slovakia, and Turkey. In Asia, this company has business in Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand. It also has financial services known as Tesco Financial Services that have 4.6 million customers which is roughly divided into credit card holders and car insurance policy holders. It also has 100-unit Tesco Express chain, due to which the company is ranked as the largest seller of gasoline in United Kingdom. It also has small urban stores known as Tesco Metro and hypermarkets known as Tesco Extra. It is now expanding its business with a TV channel and a "retail based education institution†. The SWOT and PESTAL analysis show that Tesco currently has the resourcing capabilities to introduce the baby wear segment in the market and able to implement a market developing strategy built on the success of its stores in the country. Tesco targets the high-end marketing segment with the differentiation strategy. It opts for introducing a segment of baby wear in Sweden, although there numerous stores operating in Sweden. The current report, using PESTLE and SWOT analysis, will analyze Tescos situation in market and that will be a valuable information for the management team to opt for the correct and definite strategies mainly in corporate level and international level which relates to introduce designer baby wear for infants & toddlers in Northern Europe i.e. Sweden. This report shows that how Tesco tend to diversify market and will also handle its own corporate portfolio. Tesco can